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AUTHOR: 


KNAPP,  CHARLES 


TITLE: 


REFERENCES  TO  LITE 
RATURE  IN  PLAUTUS 

PLACE: 

[NEW  YORK] 

DA  TE : 

[1919?] 


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Knapp,    Charle-s. 

References    to    literature    in    Plautus   and    Terencei-hL'microf orm] 
(New   YorK.{:bColunibia   University  ,i:cl9i9?  I 
p.    232-261, 
ORib 
02-11-92 


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r  Reprinted  froth 'tWe'*,-AjMEEiCAN*;JbuRifrAi  op  Philology,  Vol.  XL,  3, 
Whole  No.  159/ July,  ^^kiist,;  September,  1919.] 


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JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY 


Vol.  XL,  3. 


Whole  No.  159. 


L— REFERENCES   TO   LITERATURE^  IN   PLAUTUS 

AND  TERENCE. 

In  Plautus  and  Terence  there  are  many  passages  which  deal 
with  literary  or  quasi-literary  matters.  For  the  most  part  such 
references  are  Greek  in  origin  and  character,  though  we  shall 
find,  especially  in  Plautus,  a  surprising  amount  of  material 
bearing  on  Latin  literature  rather  than  on  Greek.^ 

The  references  fall  into  two  main  classes.  Of  these  one 
deals  primarily  with  the  stories  ^  that  form  so  large  a  part  of 
Greek  literature,  especially  of  Greek  dramatic  literature.*  The 
other  consists  of  allusions  to  literary  works  or  literary  passages, 
which  are,  in  general,  not  named. 

*  I  use  this  term  in  a  very  wide  sense,  to  cover  some  things  that  might 
well  fall  also  under  such  captions  as  folklore,  mythology,  and  religion. 
By  the  time  of  Menander,  Philemon,  and  Diphilus,  and  even  more  by 
that  of  Plautus  and  Terence,  such  matters  had  become,  in  part  at  least, 
bookish.  Certainly,  from  the  point  of  view  indicated  in  footnote  3, 
below,  the  inclusion  here  of  such  matters  is  warranted. 

'  This  remark  applies  more  fully  to  matters  to  be  discussed  in  a  later 
paper,  as  a  continuation  of  the  present  discussion.    See  note  4. 

*  Long  after  the  present  paper  had  been  begun  I  found  that  Professor 
F.  F.  Abbott,  in  his  Society  and  Politics  in  Ancient  Rome  (1909). 
178-179,  had  sought  to  infer  the  intellectual  interests  and  capacities  of 
Plautus's  audiences  by  noting  what  Greek  myths  appear  in  his  plays. 
So  Professor  J.  S.  Reid,  in  his  edition  of  the  Academica  (1885),  page  20, 
uses  the  allusions  to  philosophy  and  the  philosophical  reflections  in  the 
fragments  of  the  Roman  drama,  tragic  and  comic,  as  a  means  of  deter- 
mining the  measure  of  Roman  acquaintance  with  philosophic  matters. 
He  appends  three  references  to  Terence,  but  none  to  Plautus,  a  much 
more  important  source  of  information  in  this  connection.  See  page  248, 
note  2. 

*  This  class  only  will  be  considered  in  this  paper. 

17 


\ 


i 


232  AMERICAN  JOURH4;.  OF  PHIWIQGY 

In  both  classes  the  allusion  is  frequently, 'perhaps  more  com- 
monly, employed  f or  .pi^rppsneg  of  •j^arody.  :  Eurther,  the  effec- 
tiveness of  the  parDdy:  ii-Jiicr^asI^'^jDy:  khe',f^ct  that  it  is 
frequently  put  into  the  mouth  of^a  slaved  in  the  disparity 

between  the  sentiments' utterea\and;tl>e|  status  of  the  speaker 
lies  much  of  the  fun.   *     -^  .'•**'.*  r    ♦.:   ^   .. : 

Sometimes  we  need  to  bring  the  two  classes  of  allusions  into 
closest  relation  to  each  other.  Thus,  we  have  numerous  allu- 
sions in  Plautus  to  the  story  of  the  Trojan  War  and  the  various 
matters  contained  in  the  Iliad,  the  Odyssey,  and  the  Cyclic 
•  Poems:  see  e.  g.  Ba.  925-978  (cf.  below,  pp.  258-260).  Here 
Latin  and  Greek  works  both  were  in  Plautus's  mind ;  the  Latin 
works  rather  than  the  Greek  were  likely  to  be  in  the  minds  of 
the  spectators.  In  several  passages  Plautus  had  specific  parts 
of  the  Odyssey,  at  least,  in  mind.  The  references  to  matters 
involving  the  Iliad,  the  Odyssey,  and  the  Cyclic  Poems  (see 
PP-  254-260)  are  especially  interesting  in  view  of  the  belief, 
first  securely  established  in  Plautus's  time,^  in  the  Trojan 
origin  of  the  Romans  and  in  view  of  the  predominance  of  the 
Trojan  War  among  the  themes  of  Roman  tragedy.' 

'  In  his  paper,  The  Ancient  Editions  of  Plautus,  48,  note  e,  Professor 
Lindsay  wrote  thus :  "  How  far  Plautus  suits  his  language,  his  metre, 
and  perhaps  his  prosody  to  his  characters  is  a  subject  that  would  reward 
investigation".  The  present  paper  shows  that  there  is  another  ques- 
tion :  How  far  does  Plautus,  to  gain  comic  effect,  fail,  on  the  surface, 
to  adapt  the  language  to  his  characters,  in  that  he  makes  them  speak 
of  things  of  which,  one  would  say,  they  would  not  naturally  speak? 
Though,  we  may  be  sure,  some  slaves  exceeded  their  masters  in  culture, 
slaves  must  often  have  been  illiterate  (witness  the  freedmen  in  the 
Cena  Trimalchionis,  though  Professor  C  W.  Mendell,  in  a  paper 
entitled  Petronius  and  the  Greek  Romance,  in  Classical  Philology,  XH, 
158-172,  denies  the  realistic  character  of  Petronius's  work.  For  its 
realistic  character  see  e.  g.  the  two  discussions  by  Professor  F.  F. 
Abbott,  in  The  Common  People  of  Ancient  Rome,  1 17-144,  and  in 
Society  and  Politics  in  Ancient  Rome,  11 5-130).  In  a  note  on  Aris- 
tophanes, Ranae  554,  Professor  Tucker  declares  that  the  Greek  comic 
writers  do  not  make  vulgar  people  speak  vulgar  Attic. 

In  view  of  what  is  written  above,  I  have  thought  it  well  to  indicate  in 
this  paper  the  roles  played  by  the  speakers  of  the  various  passages  cited. 

'See  especially   Nettleship,   The   Story   of   Aeneas's  Wanderings,   in 
Conington's  Vergil  *,  2.  1-lii. 

'Livius  Andronicus  wrote  an  Achilles,  an  Aiax  Mastigophorus,  an 
Aegisthus,  and  an  Equos  Troianus.    See  Ribbeck,  Romische  Dichtung ', 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  233 

I. 

A  study  of  the  words  graphicus,  poema,  and  poeta'^  is  not 
without  value  for  our  purposes.  Once  graphicus  gives  us  real 
help,  St.  570.2  i^  ^05  ff.  Antipho  senex  has  been  seeking  an 
invitation  to  dinner  from  his  sons-in-law;  driven  to  despera- 
tion by  his  failure  he  has  tried  the  effect  of  an  elaborate 
apologus  ('  allegory  \  '  parable  ' :  cf.  Gellius  2.  29.  i)  in  538  ff. 
At  570  Pamphilippus  cries :  Graphicum  mortalem  Antiphonem ! 
Ut  apologum  fecit  quam  f abre !  ^ 

II. 

Several  references  to  historical  personages  may  be  included 
here,  because  their  ultimate  source  is,  to  some  extent  at  least, 
bookish. 

Agathocles.—ln  Men.  369  ff.  Menaechmus  II  Syracusanus 
has  denied  knowledge  of  Erotium  meretrix;  the  latter,  as- 
tounded and  hurt  by  what  she  tries  to  regard  as  a  joke,*  cries 
(407  fT.)  : 

Non  ego  te  novi  Menaechum,  Moscho  prognatum  patre, 
qui  Syracusis  perhibere  natus  esse  in  Sicilia, 
ubi  rex  Agathocles  regnator  fuit  et  iterum  Pintia, 
tertium  Liparo,  qui  in  morte  regnum  Hieroni  tradidit, 
nunc  Hiero  est? 


I.  17.  For  Naevius's  use  of  the  Trojan  War  story  see  Ribbeck  again, 
I.  20,  for  Ennius's,  i.  29.  Naevius  wrote  an  Equos  Troianus  and  a 
Hector  Proficiscens.  Half  of  Ennius's  plays  dealt  with  the  Trojan 
cycle.  See  further  e.  g.  Teuffel,  102;  Ribbeck,  Romische  Tragodie,  684; 
Sellar,  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic',  85;  Duff,  A  Literary  History  of 

Rome,  125,  128,  142. 

^The  use  of  poema  and  poeta  in  Plautus  I  have  discussed  fully  m 
Classical  Philology,  XII,  149,  and  footnote.  The  suggestion  in  the  foot- 
note, that  Plautus  at  times  deliberately  used  poeta  in  parody  of  Naevius's 
proud  application  of  that  term  to  himself,  has  direct  bearing^  on  our 
present  inquiry.  In  this  connection,  we  may  well  recall  Plautus's  refer- 
^ence,  in  Mi.  20&-212,  to  Naevius's  imprisonment.  So,  too,  the  discus- 
^ion'in  Classical  Philology,  XII,  156-157,  of  describo,  pingo,  depingo, 
Victor  and  pictura  in  Plautus  is  in  point  now. 
M  use  Lindsay's  text.    The  punctuation,  capitalization,  and  at  times 

the  spelling  are  mine. 

"The  other  examples  of  graphicus*  (Ep.  410;  Ps.  519,  7oo;  Tr.  930, 
1024)  and  of  graphice  (Pe.  306,  464,  843 ;  Tr.  767)  do  not  directly  help  us. 

*  For  Menaechmus  I  Epidamniensis  as  a  practical  joker  and  the  bearmg 
of  that  circumstance  on  this  scene  and  others  in  the  play,  see  A.  J.  P. 
XXXV  27,  n.  I. 


234  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY, 

This  is  a  most  amusing  jumble  of  fact  and  fancy :  see  Brix- 
Niemeyer'^  (1912)  and  Fowler  ad  loc.  Mr.  P.  Thoresby  Jones, 
in  his  edition  (1918),  is  too  serious  by  far  when  he  writes, 
"  Plautus  (or  his  Greek  original)  is  true  to  life  in  representmg 
a  woman  of  Erotium's  class  as  guilty  of  such  blunders.  An 
Aspasia  was  rare."  In  Ps.  524-530  Pseudolus  servos,  speak- 
ing in  burlesque  tone,  promises  a  pugnam  claram  et  commem- 
orabilem  (525).  At  531-532  Simo  senex  exclaims,  si  quidem 
istaec  opera,  ut  praedicas,  perfeceris,  virtute  regi  Agathocli 
antecesseris.  In  Mo.  775  ^-  Tranio  servos  counts  himself  as 
great  as  Alexander  Magnus  and  Agathocles. 

Alexander.— Set  above,  under  Agathocles.    The  foundation 
of  Alexandria  by  Alexander  the  Great  is  perhaps  referred  to 
by  Gripus  servos  (piscator)  as  he  builds  castles  in  Spain,  Ru 
Q^^a-g^5a.     See  below,  under  Stratonicus. 

Antiochus.-ln  Poe.  693-694  Collybiscus  vilicus,  masquerad- 
ing as  a  miles,  says : 

Ego  id  quaero  hospitium  ubi  ego  curer  mollius 
quam  regi  Antiocho  oculi  curari  solent*. 

Attalus.-ln  Pe.  339  Saturio  parasitus  mentions  rex  Philippus 
and  Attalus.  In  Poe.  644  « •  the  Advocati  are  telling  Lycus  leno 
about  the  miles,  who  had  that  day  arrived  in  Calydon,  and 
wishes  potare,  amare  (655-661).    Compare  now  662-666: 

ADV.  At  enim  hie  dam,  f urtim  esse  volt,  ne  quis  sciat 
neve  arbiter  sit,  nam  hie  latro  in  Sparta  f  uit, 
ut  quidem  ipse  nobis  dixit,  apud  regem  Attalum ; 
inde  nunc  aufugit,  quoniam  capitur  oppidum. 
CO.    Nimis  lepide  de  latrone,  de  Sparta  optume. 
Here  Plautus  takes  the  pains  to  tell  us  (666)  that  he  has  been 
jesting. 

*The  point  of  these  verses  is  lost  to  us.  Salmasius  guessed  that  the 
original  of  the  Poenulus  was  written  in  the  lifetime  of  Antiochus,  and 
thlt  the  latter  had  had  trouble  with  his  eyes.    Rost,  Opuscula  Plautma 

1  19  suggested  that  Antiochus,  "  mollitiei  omni  deditus  "  (so  Vissermg 
Quaestiones  Plautinae  32),  had,  for  reasons  now  unknown,  given  special 
care  to  his  eyes.    Naudet  mentions  the  view  of  some  that  favorites  of 
Antiochus  were  known  as  his  'eyes'  and  'ears';  he  refers  to  Pollux 

2  7  In  his  App.  Crit.  Leo  writes  simply:  "nihil  molhus  quam  oculos 
curamus,  ut  nihil  magis  quam  oculos  amamus ''.  ^he  Romans  often 
talked  of  loving  something  magis  ocuhs  or  of  something  as  canus 
0  cults. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE. 


235 


Dareus. — See  below,  under  Philippus. 

Hiero. — See  above,  under  Agathocles. 

lason. — In  Ps.  173  ff.  Ballio  leno  bids  his  meretrices  bring 
him  profit.  One  is  to  bring  him  stores  of  grain  (188  ff.),  ut 
civitas  nomen  mihi  commutet  meque  ut  praedicet  lenone  ex 
Ballione  regem  lasonem  (192-193).  On  this  Calidorus 
adulescens  remarks,  to  Pseudolus  servos  (193-194),  Audin? 
furcifer  satin  magnuficus  tibi  videtur?  See  Professor  E.  P. 
Morris,  on  193.  H.  W.  Auden,  in  his  annotated  edition  (1896), 
reads  lasionem,  thinking  of  a  Cretan,  son  of  Zeus  and  Electra, 
and  father,  by  Ceres,  of  Plutus.  See  the  article  lasion  in 
Pauly-Wissowa,  8.  751-758.  Leo,  in  his  text-edition,  read 
lasonem,  interpreting  of  the  personage  whom  Auden  calls 
lasion. 

Liparo. — See  above,  under  Agathocles. 

Lycurgus. — In  Ba.  1 1 1  Lydus  paedagogus  refers  to  Lycurgus, 
the  law-giver. 

Philippus. — See  above,  under  Attalus.  In  Au.  85-88  Euclio 
senex  says  to  Staphyla  anus :  Mirum  quin  tua  me  caussa  faciat 
luppiter  Philippum  regem  aut  Dareum,  trivenefica.  In  Au. 
701  ff.,  Lyconidis  servos,  exulting  because  he  has  the  miser's 
aula,  says,  ego  sum  ille  rex  Philippus.  O  lepidum  diem !  The 
frequent  references  to  the  coin  called  Philippus  or  Philippeus 
are  more  or  less  in  point.  J.  Egli,  Die  Hyperbel  in  den  Ko- 
modien  des  Plautus  und  in  Ciceros  Briefen  an  Atticus,  3.  18, 
and  Vissering,  Quaestiones  Plautinae  31,  hold  that  the  name 
Philippus,  like  Croesus,  was  proverbial  for  great  wealth. 

Pintia. — See  above,  under  Agathocles. 

Pyrrhus. — In  Eun.  781-783  we  have  a  very  amusing  refer- 
ence, in  a  burlesque  passage  (see  from  771),  by  Thraso  miles  to 
Pyrrhus's  skill  as  a  strategist. 

Seleucus. — In  Mi.  75-77  the  soldier  declares  that  he  has 
been  requested  by  rex  Seleucus  to  enroll  mercenaries  for  him. 
In  948-950  he  states  that  he  had  sent  his  parasite  to  take  the 
latrones  to  the  king.  Seleucia  is  mentioned  several  times  in  the 
Trinummus  (112,  771,  845). 

Stratonicus. — In  Ru.  932  Gripus  servos  (a  piscator),  build- 
ing  castles  in  Spain  on  the  strength  of  the  vidulus  he  had  fished 


236 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY, 


up  from  the  sea,  says,  Post  animi  caussa  mihi  navem  faciam 
atque  imitabor  Stratonicum,  oppida  circumvectabor.^ 

III.  AccHERON ;  Orcus.^ 

Accheron. — In  Poe.  71  the  prologist  declares  that  the  father 
who  had  lost  Agorastocles,  the  stolen  boy,  ipse  obit  ad 
Accheruntem  sme  viatico.  Naudet  interprets  sine  viatico  of 
the  lack  of  the  precious  things  commonly  set  on  the  funeral 
pyre  or  in  or  on  the  tomb,  especially  of  the  lack  of  money 
needed  to  pay  Charon ;  for  that  money  compare  e.  g.  such  well- 
known  passages  as  Aristophanes,  Ranae  141,  Juv.  3.  265-267, 
Swift,  The  Battle  of  the  Books,  last  paragraph. 

In  Poe.  344  Adelphasium  puella  promises  <cum  Agorastocle 
palpare  et  lalare>  quo  die  Orcus  Accherunte  mortuos 
amiserit.  This  verse  has  a  proverbial  ring  (reminding  one  of 
references  to  the  Greek  Kalends)  and  so  has  definite  connec- 
tion, perhaps,  with  literature.  Closely  akin  are  the  words  of 
Astaphium  ancilla  in  Tru.  747-750. 

Ca.  999-1000  contains  an  interesting  and  important  reference 
to  paintings  of  Acheron.  See  my  paper,  References  to  Paint- 
ing in  Plautus  and  Terence,  Classical  Philology,  XII,  150. 

In  Tr.  525  Stasimus  servos,  seeking  to  deter  Philto  senex 
from  accepting  the  ager  as  a  dowry  for  Lesbonicus's  sister,  if 
she  marries  his  son,  says  :  Accheruntis  ostium  in  nostrost  agro. 
With  this  compare  Ba.  368,  cited  below,  under  Orcus.^ 

*  Professor  Sonnenschein,  following  Ussing,  holds  that  the  reference 
is  to  a  celebrated  musician,  contemporary  of  Diphilus,  who  travelled 
about  in  Greece  to  exhibit  his  skill.  "  Diphilus  ",  he  adds,  "  appears 
...  in  the  original  of  this  play  to  have  indulged  in  a  little  light  banter 
of  the  successful  performer  Stratonicus ".  Dousa,  however,  in  the 
Naudet  (Lemaire)  edition,  thinks  that  Stratonicus  was  a  "quaestor 
regis  Philippi,  et  deinde  Alexandri  Magni ",  whose  wealth  passed  into  a 
proverb.     In  any  case  to  Plautus's  audience  the  reference  was  bookish. 

'  See  notes  i  and  3.  Matters  of  religion,  too,  were  by  the  time  of  the 
New  Attic  Comedy  and  the  days  of  Plautus  and  Terence  more  or  less 
bookish.  The  stories  figured  too  in  painting :  see  the  discussion,  referred 
to  in  the  text,  of  Ca.  999-1000,  and,  perhaps,  of  the  Alcmena  story 
(below,  pages  239-242). 

'Less  significant  are  certain  other  passages.  In  Cas.  159  fif.  Cleustrata 
matrona  calls  her  husband  Accheruntis  pabulum.     Accherunticus,  used 


m 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  2^7 

Orcus.— For  Orcus  see  first  Poe.  344,  cited  above,  page  236. 
(In  Ba.  368,  Lydus  paedagogus  calls  the  house  of  the  Bacchides 
lianuam  Orci.  Compare  Tr.  525,  cited  in  the  preceding  para- 
Igraph.     See  further  As.  606-607  (adulescens)  : 

!ARG.  Vale.     PH.  Quo  properas?     ARG.  Bene  vale:  apud  Orcum  te 

videbo, 
nam  equidem  me  iam  quantum  potest  a  vita  abiudicabo. 

The  addition  of  an  explanatory  line,  wholly  Latin,  is  here 

natural  enough. 

In  Ca.  282-284  Hegio  is  questioning  Philocrates,  whom  he 

takes  to  be  the  slave  Tyndarus,  thus : 

HE.  Quid  pater?  vivitne?     PH.  Vivom,  quom  inde  abimus,  liquimus: 

nunc  vivatne  necne,  id  Orcum  scire  oportet  scilicet. 
TY.-Salva  res  est:    philosophatur  quoque  iam,  non  mendax  modo  est. 

The  last  verse  (on  it  see  further  below,  page  261,  note  i)  is 
justification  enough  for  including  in  this  paper  references  to 
Acheron  and  Orcus. 

In  Hec.  852-^53  Pamphilus  adulescens  says  to  Parmeno  his 

slave,  who  had  brought  him  good  news, 

Egon'  qui  ab  Oreo  mortuom  me  reducem  in  lucem  feceris 
sinam  sine  munere  a  me  abire? 
There  may  be  a  reference  here  to  the  Orpheus-Eurydice 
story.  In  874-875  Parmeno,  tantalized  because  no  one  will 
explain  to  him  the  happenings  of  the  play,  cries,  evidently  with 
the  foregoing  passage  in  mind:  Tamen  suspicor:  ego  hunc 
ab  Oreo  mortuom  quo  pacto  ...  I 

Other  passages,  which  there  is  not  space  here  to  quote,  are 
Ep.  173-177  (senex),  362-363  (adulescens),  Ps.  795^797 
(leno). 


twice  derisively  by  a  senex  of  an  old  man  (Mer.  290-291,  Mi.  627-630), 
has  a  proverbial  ring.  In  Poe.  428-431,  827-833  gentleman  and  slave, 
the  latter  with  special  detail,  dwell  on  the  number  and  the  varied  classes 
of  the  dead  in  Acheron.  Kindred  to  these  passages  is  the  reference  in 
Tr.  493-494  by  a  senex  to  the  fact  that  Acheron  is  no  respecter  of  per- 
sons ;  there,  at  least,  the  rich  and  the  poor  are  on  a  par.  See,  finally, 
Ba.  199  (adulescens),  Ca.  689  (senex),  Cas.  448  (servos).  Am.  1029 
(Amphitruo  dux).  Am.  1078  (Amphitruo),  Mo.  499  (Tranio  servos 
professes  to  quote  the  ghost  of  a  gentleman).  Note  that  the  words  in 
parenthesis  here  and  elsewhere  in  like  cases  give  the  role  played  by  the 
speaker.  See  above,  page  232,  note  i,  end. 
'Sc.  te  as  the  subject  of  abire,  and  as  antecedent  of  qui. 


238 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


IV. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE. 


239 


A.  Stories  Apart  from  Those  Relating  to  the  Trojan 

War. 

Let  us  consider  now  the  stories  to  which  allusion  more  or 
less  definite  is  made.  Quite  often  the  allusion  is  made  by  an 
actor  as  he  enters,  particularly  if  he  is  to  occupy  the  stage  for 
a  time  solus}  For  convenience  of  reference  the  passages  are 
arranged  in  an  alphabetical  sequence  of  story-titles  and  theme- 
titles. 

Aeacides. — In  the  Asinaria  Libanus  servos  calls  attention  to 
the  (supposed)  Saurea,  who  is  entering  at  403  quassanti  capite, 
adding  (404)  :  quisque  obviam  huic  occesserit  irato  vapulabit. 
The  Mercator  rejoins  (405-406)  : 

Siquidem  hercle  Aeacidinis  minis  animisque  expletus  cedit, 
si  med  iratus  tetigerit,  iratus  vapulabit. 

Aiax,  Alcumeus. — See  below,  pp.  238-239.  In  Ca.  561-563 
there  is  reference  (by  Tyndarus  servos)  to  three  famous  mad- 
men of  Greek  story,  Lycurgus,  Orestes,  and  Alcumeus 
( Alcmaeon) .  In  Ca.  613  fT.  there  is  a  very  interesting  reference 
to  mad  Aiax.2    See  also  below,  page  241,  note  i. 

In  Cis.  639-644  there  is  a  delicious  parody  of  a  suicide  scene, 
which  may  well  have  reminded  the  audience  of  plays  both 
Greek  and  Latin,  e.  g.  the  Aiax  of  Sophocles,  and  the  Aiax 
Mastigophorus  of  Livius  Andronicus.^ 

In  Men.  828-875  is  the  famous  scene  in  which  Menaechmus 
II  Syracusanus,  by  pretending  to  be  mad,  drives  ofif  the  matrona 
and  her  father.  The  scene  is  too  long  to  reproduce  here.  This 
passage  and  Ca.  547-616  are  to  be  compared  each  with  the 
other,  in  detail,  as  giving  some  hints  of  the  diagnosis  and 
pathology  of  insanity  among  the  Romans.  Compare  especially 
Ca.  557  Viden  tu  hunc  quam  inimico  voltu  intuitur?  concedi 
optumumst,  Hegio :  fit  quod  tibi  ego  dixi — gliscit  rabies — cave 

*  The  best  example  is  Ba.  925  ff.,  the  passage  so  excellent  in  many- 
ways  (see  below,  pp.  258-260).  Others  are  Ru.  83  ff.,  Pe.  iff.,  251  ff., 
Mer.  469,  Ru.  593  ff. 

*With  this  passage  compare  (with  Lindsay's  note  in  his  annotated 
edition,  on  562)  Anacr.  31:  Ge'Xw,  OeXw  /jLavijvai'  'Efiaber'  'AXKfialuv  re 
Xw  XevKdirovs  'OpiarTjs,  ras  firjTepas  KravoPTcs. 

'  See  Suetonius,  Aug.  85,  for  Augustus's  parodic  description  of  the 
fate  of  his  tragedy,  Ajax. 


tibi,  with  Men.  828  Viden  tu  illic  oculos  virere  ?  Compare  also 
Ca.  595-596  Viden  tu  illi  maculari  corpus  totum  maculis 
luridis?  Atra  bilis  agitat  hominem,  with  Men.  829-^30  ut 
viridis   exoritur  colos   ex  temporibus  atque   f route!   ut  oculi 

scintillant  vide! 

I  cannot  help  connecting  these  passages  with  certain  charac- 
teristics of  Ennius's  tragic  style.  DufT,  A  Literary  History  of 
Rome,  142,  writing  of  Ennius,  well  says : 

In  tragedy  the  preference  of  the  age  was  for  Greek  themes  with 
moving  situations,  such  as  the  revenge  of  Medea,  the  guilt  of  the  house 
of  Atreus,  the  sacrifice  of  Iphigenia,  and  other  portions  of  the  Trojan 
Cycle,  comprising  in  conflict,  danger,  and  bloodshed  the  requisite  ap- 
peals to  pity  and  fear. 

See  Mommsen,  History  of  Rome,  English  Translation, 
2.  252 ;  Dimsdale,  A  History  of  Latin  Literature,  22.  Scenes  of 
suicide,  surely,  would  be  in  keeping  with  such  preference. 
Ennius's  fondness  for  scenes  in  which  some  one  goes  mad  is 
marked ;  he  displays  in  general  a  love  of  the  fantastic — for  the 
prophetic  frenzy  of  a  Cassandra  or  the  madness  of  an  Alcumeo 
(this  motive  had  already  appeared  in  both  Livius  and  Naevius). 
His  Ajax,  Eumenides,  and  Athamas  all  have  to  do  with  some 
form  of  mental  derangement. 

If  my  point  here  is  well  taken,  it  is  one  of  great  importance. 
Vahlen,  in  discussing  the  relations  between  Ennius  and  Plautus, 
felt  obliged  to  content  himself  with  a  reference  to  the  prologue 
of  the  Poenulus  and  to  a  few  passages  of  Plautus,  which,  he 
thinks,  show  imitation  of  Ennius.  I  have  not  been  able,  my- 
self, however,  to  see  such  imitation  in  these  passages.  See  my 
remarks  in  American  Journal  of  Philology,  XXXH  16.  But  if 
I  am  right  above,  we  have  in  the  Plautine  passages  there  dis- 
cussed valuable  contemporary  evidence  on  two  points: 
(a)  Plautus's  relation  to  Ennius,  (b)  the  general  question  of 
Ennius's  fame  in  his  own  time,  a  fame  and  reputation  based 
on  work  antecedent  to  the  composition,  or  at  least  to  the  publi- 
cation, of  the  Annales.  See  further  my  remarks  in  Qassical 
Philology,  XIV,  49-51,  with  notes,  and  below,  page  258. 

Alcmaeon. — See  above,  under  Aiax,  page  238. 

Alcumena.— The  Alcumena  ( ' AAK/xT/vr?)  -  Amphitruo-Iupiter- 
luno-Hercules  story  is,  of  course,  omnipresent  in  the  Amphi- 
truo.     The  Alcumena  story  appears  again  in  Mer.  690.     In 


240 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


Mer.  667  ff.  Dorippa,  wife  of  Lysimachus  senex,  and  Syra 
anus,  her  attendant,  come  from  the  country  to  town.  Syra 
enters  the  house  and  finds  there  the  ancilla  that  belongs  to  their 
neighbor  Demipho,  the  amorous  senex.  Of  course  she  mis- 
understands the  situation.  She  hurries  out  again,  and  at  689- 
690  cries  to  her  mistress :  I  hac  mecum,  ut  videas  simul  tuam 
Alcumenam  paeHcem,  luno  mea. 

Verses  83-88  of  the  Rudens,  spoken  by  Sceparnio  servos  as 
he  enters,  to  begin  the  play  proper,  are  full  of  difficulty : 

Pro  di  immortales,  tempestatem  quoiusmodi 
Neptunus  nobis  nocte  hac  misit  proxuma! 
Detexit   ventus   villam — quid   verbis   opust? 
Non   ventus  fuit,  verum   Alcumena   Euripidi: 
ita  omnis  de  tecto  deturbavit  tegulas ; 
inlustriores  fecit  fenestrasque  indidit. 

Professor  Sonnenschein,  the  latest  editor  of  the  Rudens,  in 
neither  version  of  his  edition  (the  maior  in  1891,  the  minor  in 
1901),  offers  a  solution.  All  he  was  able  to  say  was  this: 
"  The  precise  point  of  comparison  between  the  wind  and  the 
lost  play  of  Euripides,  or  the  chief  character  in  it,  is  obscure: 
the  *  tertium  quid  '  may  be  either  violence  in  general  or  the 
unroofing  of  a  building  in  particular  ".  Nor  does  the  further 
remark  (in  the  editio  maior)  that  "  Hermann  suggests  that  in 
the  original  of  Diphilus  the  passage  may  have  run  :  ri  8'  avc/xos ; 
'AkKfirjvrj  fih  Tjv  EvpLniBov  ",  explain  the  point  of  Alcumena  Euri- 
pidi. Professor  Sonnenschein  is  but  reflecting  the  helplessness 
of  the  earlier  editors  of  Plautus ;  one  after  the  other  they  re- 
peat, in  terms  or  in  substance,  Lambinus's  suggestion  that  there 
was  a  tragedy  of  Euripides  in  which  "  quum  Alcumena  parie- 
bat,  Jupiter  faciebat  spurcam  tempestatem  oriri  ".  Thornton 
(Translation  2.  272-273)  accepts  this  view,  and  even  goes  so 
far  as  to  conjecture  that  the  Euripidean  play  in  question  sup- 
plied material  for  the  Amphitruo,  especially  for  the  more 
serious  parts  of  the  Plautine  play.  C.  S.  Harrington,  in  an 
edition  of  the  Captivi,  Trinummus  and  Rudens,  with  very  brief 
notes  (1870),  took  the  same  view. 

Now,  if  there  was  a  play  of  Euripides  with  such  a  theme,  we 
should  at  once  think  in  connection  with  it  of  Plautus  Amphi- 
truo 1059  ff.,  especially  1062  ff.,  1094  ff.^    But  for  the  existence 

^  Nothing  is  said  in  this  play  of  ventus! 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE,  241 

of  such  a  play  neither  Lambinus  nor  anyone  else  has  produced 
I  any  evidence  whatever.    What  has  happened  is  this,  I  take  it : 
iin   trying   to   find    some    explanation    of    Sceparnio's    words 
^  Lambinus  thought  of  the  Amphitruo,  and  from  that  argued 
'  for  the  theme  of  the  Euripidean  play  Sceparnio  had  in  mind. 
^  A  good  example  of  petitio  principii,  surely. 
I      In  editing  Euripides  for  the  Teubner  text  series  Nauck  gath- 
'  ered  into  Volume  3  (1892)  the  fragments  of  Euripides.    On 
pages  20-23  he  gives  17  citations,  aggregating  28  verses,  from 
an  'AAK/i^vr/.       Prefixed  to  this  collection  is  the  following  note 
by  Nauck:    "  Omittit  banc  fabulam  marmor  Albanum  (C.  I. 
6047),   argumentum    ignoramus.      Plautus    Rudent.    i.    i.   4* 
proh  di  .  .  .  Euripidi  ".     Clearly  Nauck  did  not  question  the 
reading  in  Plautus.    But  in  the  28  verses  of  the  'AAk/x^v,?  I  fail 
to  find  anything  that  in  the  remotest  degree  resembles  the  situ- 
ation in  the  Rudens  or  that  in  the  Amphitruo. 

Our  investigation,  evidently,  has  not  carried  us  very  far.  If 
we  keep  the  reading  Alcumena  (and  there  is  no  variation  in  the 
MSS),  we  are  not  in  position  to  improve  upon  Lambinus's 
view,  utterly  unsupported  though  that  view  is.^ 

'  Nauck,  1.  c.  14-20.  gives  23  fragments  of  two  plays,  by  Euripides, 
called  'A\K^u,p  or  'AXKfxaliVK    The  fragments  aggregate  47  verses,  whole 
or  partial.     It  is  clear  enough  from  Nauck,  15.  that  in  both  plays  the 
madness  of  Alcmaeon  was  in  evidence.     It  would  be  possible  to  read 
in  Ru.  86,  in  place  of  Alcumena,  Plautus's  form  of  'A\K,xaio,y,  Alcumeus, 
seen  in  Ca.  562.    For  a  scribe  who  had  some  knowledge  of  Plautus  the 
thought  of  the  Amphitruo  might  easily  have  led  to  the  alteration  of 
Alcumeus  to   Alcumena.     An   allusion   to   the   madness   of    Alcmaeon 
(Alcumeus)   seems  more  natural  and  more  intelligible  by  itself  m  the 
mouth  of  one  seeking  to  describe  a  wild  tempest  than  would  be  a  refer- 
ence to  Alcumena,  who,  in  Plautus's  Amphitruo  at  least,  is  the  very 
embodiment   of   the   stately   calmness   one  associates   with   the   Roman 
matrona  at  her  best.    As  seen  above,  page  238,  the  madness  of  Alcmaeon 
was  proverbial  (see  under  Aiax).    Palaeographically,  the  substitution  of 
Alcumena  for  Alcumeus  is  not  inconceivable. 

The  suggestion  made  in  the  foregoing  paragraph  does  far  less  vio- 
lence to  the  MS  evidence  than  is  done  by  the  emendation  proposed,  m 
The  Classical  Review  27.  i59,  by  Mr.  D.  A.  Slater:  "In  view  of  pas- 
sages like  the  Bacchae,  576-689  and  H.  F,  874  sqq.,  it  may  be  felt  that 
some  generalization  would  be  more  natural  in  this  context,  to  suggest 
*  a  storm  such  as  blows  in  the  pages  of  Euripides ',  rather  than  the  name 


m 


242 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


When   I   wrote  the   above,   I   overlooked   Professor   Son- 
nenschein's  discussion  in  The  Classical  Review  28    (1914), 
40-41.       He  accepts  a  view,  suggested  first,  apparently,  by 
Engelmann,  in  1882,  that  certain  vases,  two  in  number,  show 
scenes  or  a  scene  which  "  must  have  formed  part  of  the  story 
of  the  lost  play  <the  Alkmene>  of  Euripides."    These  vases 
display  a  storm  of  rain.     On  the  basis  of  these  vases,  as  inter- 
preted by  Engelmann,  K.  Wernicke,  in  Pauly-Wissowa  i.  1573 
(1894),  held  that  in  the  Alkmene  of  Euripides  Amphitruo 
planned  to  burn  Alcmene  to  death,  but  that  the  pyre  was  ex- 
tinguished by  a  storm  of  rain  sent  by  Zeus.    Admitting,  for 
the  sake  of  argument,  that  Engelmann  and  others  rightly  in- 
terpret the  vases    (Nauck,   TGF.^,  p.   386,   refers  to   Engel- 
mann's  paper,  and  seems  to  favor  his  theory),  we  still  need  light 
on  the  contrast  between  ventus  and  Alcumena  Euripidi.    When 
Professor   Sonnenschein   says,   "The   story   has    disappeared 
from  literature;  but  it  has  left  a  trace  behind  in  the  allusion 
which  Plautus  makes  to  it  in  Rud.  86,"  he  is  writing  with  less 
than  his  usual  exactness :  what  does  he  mean  by  "  the  story  "  ? 
Again,  he  stresses  the  fact  that  ''  the  particular  storm  <of  the 
Rudens>t£;a^   <the  Italics  are  his>    accompanied  by  rain; 
see  1.  576  f.   .    .    ."     But,  in  order  to  get  the  other  member 
of  Plautus's  comparison,  we  need  to  know  what  it  was  that, 
in   some   play,   Euripides  mentioned   in   connection   with   the 
Alcmena  story  that  would  outdo  a  ventus.    This  we  do  not  yet 
know,  pace  Professor  Sonnenschein  and  the  array  of  scholars 
he  cited  in  his  note. 


of  a  single  character  (however  demented)   from  a  play  that  had  per- 
ished ".    Hence  he  would  read 

non  ventus  fuit  verum  ruina  Euripidi, 
taking  ruina  in  the  sense  of  '  cataclysm '.  He  supposes  that  by  haplog- 
raphy  the  rum  of  verum  was  lost  before  ruina,  so  that  the  line  became 
NONVENTUSFVITVERVINAEVRIPIDI.  He  writes  thus :  "...  if 
we  may  assume  that  the  allusion  was  explained  by  a  reference  in  the 
margin  to  the  *  Alcumenae  filius ',  it  would  not  be  unreasonable  to  sup- 
pose that  the  editor  or  corrector  reduced  the  line  to  metre  by  interpret- 
ing the  forlorn  A  in  the  text  to  mean  '  Alcumena  '  ".  This  does  violence 
at  once  to  palaeography  and  to  Plautus's  manner,  which,  surely,  is  to 
use  names  rather  than  such  vague  generalities  as  ruina  (for  proof  see 
the  present  paper,  passim).  Further,  Mr.  Slater's  suggestions  postulate 
a  truly  remarkable  editor  or  corrector. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  243 

Alcumeus  (Alcmaeon).— See  above,  under  Aiax,  page  238. 
Ar^us  (lo).^Au.  551-559  is  a  most  interestmg  passage. 
Meeadorus  senex  has  sent  cooks,  etc.,  into  the  house  of  Euclio, 
his  prospective  father-in-law  (280-360).  The  latter,  desperate 
with  fear  for  his  pot  of  gold,  drove  them  out  with  a  club 
(406  ff.).  Later  he  meets  Megadorus,  and  the  foUowmg 
dialogue  ensues  (55^^559)  • 

EVC.  Pol  ego  te  ut  accusem  merito  meditabar.    ME.  Quid  est? 
EVC.  Quid  sit  me  rogitas?  qui  mihi  omnis  angulos 
furum  implevisti  in  aedibus  misero  mihi, 
qui  mi  intro  misti  in  aedis  quingentos  coquos 
cum  senis  manibus,  genere  Geryonaceo; 
quos  si  Argus  servet,  qui  oculeus  totus  fuit, 
quem  quondam  loni  luno  custodem  addidit, 
is  numquam  servet,  praeterea  tibicinam, 
quae  mi  interbibere  sola,  si  vino  scatat, 
Corinthiensem  fontem  Pirenam  potest. 

A  bookish  passage,  surely. 

Bacchae.— In  several  places  reference  is  made  to  the  Bacchae 
and  their  orgies.  In  part  these  references  reflect  common 
modes  of  speech  (are  proverbial),  in  part  they  seem  to  be  re- 
flections of  contemporary  Roman  life  ^  (in  the  early  part  of  the 
second  century  B.  C.  the  Bacchanalian  orgies  were  givmg  trou- 
ble to  the  government  at  Rome :  recall  the  Senatus  Consultum 
De  Bacchanalibus,  and  note  especially  Cas.  980,  cited  below), 
in  part  they  seem  to  me  bookish.^    I  have  therefore  mcluded 

them  all  here. 

In  Am.  703-705  Sosia  servos,  rebul-ed  by  his  master  Amphi- 
truo for  agreeing  with  Alcumena,  cries : 

Non  tu  scis?  Bacchae  bacchanti  si  veiis  advorsarier, 

ex  insana  insaniorem  f  acies,  f  eriet  saepius ; 

si  opsequare,  una  resolvas  plaga. 
In  Au.  408  Congrio  cocus,  who  has  been  driven  violently  forth 
by  Euclio  senex,  cries,  neque  ego  umquam  nisi  hodie  ad  Bacchas 

'  If  this  suggestion  is  correct,  we  have  evidence  of  Plautus's  interest 
in  contemporary  life,  another  case  in  which  he  reflects  that  life.  Every 
proof  that  Plautus  was  interested  in  contemporary  Roman  hfe,  social, 
religious,  and  political,  and  would  and  could  refer  to  it,  increases  the 
possibility  that  he  referred  to  contemporary  writers  and  contemporary 

writings.  ,  1     -n      i, 

'  In  another  paper  I  shall  seek  to  show  that  Plautus  knew  the  Bacchae 

of  Euripides. 


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AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


veni  in  bacchanal  coquinatum,  ita  me  miserum  et  meos 
discipulos  fustibus  male  contuderunt.  Cf.  also  411  a.  Cas. 
978  ff.  is  even  more  interesting  (the  speakers  are  a  senex  and 
two  matronae — Lysidamus,  Cleustrata-  and  Myrrhina)  : 

CL.  Quin  responde,  tuo  quid  factum  est  pallio? 
LY.  Bacchae  hercle,  uxor— CL.  Bacchae  ?    LY.  Bacchae  hercle, 
uxor — MY.  Nugatur  sciens, 
nam  ecastor  nunc  Bacchae  nullae  ludunt  \    LY.  Oblitus  f ui, 
sed  tamen  Bacchae — CL.  Quid  Bacchae? 

After  this  point  the  play  is  badly  mutilated  for  some  verses. 

At  Mi.  818  Lurcio  puer  enters,  in  answer  to  Palaestrio's 
call  for  Sceledrus,  to  say  that  the  latter  sorbet  dormiens, 
tetigit  calk  em  clancidiim  (823).  He  describes  in  comic  vein 
the  drinking  of  Sceledrus,  thus  (855  ff.)  : 

opera  maxuma, 
ubi  bacchabatur  aula,  cassabant  cadi. 
PA.  Abi,  abi  intro  iam.    Vos  in  cella  vinaria 
bacchanal  facitis. 

Interesting  too  is  Mi.  1015-1016.  In  1013  Palaestrio  servos 
describes  himself  to  Milphidippa  ancilla  as  socium  tuorum  con- 
ciliortim  et  participem  consiliorum.  In  1016  she  says:  Cedo 
signum,  si  harunc  Bacchariim  es;  one  is  strongly  tempted  to 
render  by  *  Give  the  password  \  Palaestrio  does  in  fact  give 
the  password  when  he  replies  at  once,  A^nat  mtilier  quae  dam 
quendam. 

References  in  the  Bacchides  to  the  Bacchae  were  of 
course  inevitable.  In  53  Pistoclerus  adulescens,  resisting 
Bacchis's  invitation  to  enter  her  house,  says,  Bacchis,  Bacchas 
metuo  et  bacchanal  tuom.  In  368  Lydus  paedagogus  calls  the 
house  of  the  Bacchides  ianuam  hanc  Orci;  in  371  he  cries, 
Bacchides  non  Bacchides,  sed  Bacchae  sunt  acerrumae.  Cf. 
372  fT.  Finally,  in  Men.  835  flp.,  Menaechmus  II  Syracusanus, 
pretending  to  be  mad,  cries  wildly : 

Euhoe  atque  euhoe ',  Bromie,  quo  me  in  silvam  venatum  vocas  ? 
Audio,  sed  non  abire  possum  ab  his  regionibus : 
ita  ilia  me  ab  laeva  rabiosa  femina  adservat  canes. 


"^9. 


*  It  is  hard  not  to  see  here  an  allusion  to  efforts  by  the  government  to 
repress  the  Bacchanalian  orgies :   see  above,  page  243. 

'That  such  a  passage  may  rest  on  books  (be  parodic),  as  well  as  on 
actual  life,  can  be  seen  from  e.  g.  Horace,  Carm.  2.  19,  3.  25. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  245 

The  matrona  is  here  thought  of  as  one  of  the  Bacchae.    Here, 
surely  there  is  travesty  of  some  tragic  original:  on  this  whole 
'scene  see  pp.  238  f.    For  a  reference  to  the  Bacchae  which  is 
'bevond  question  bookish,  see  below,  under  Pentheus,  page  252. 
^Bcllerop lion. —In  the  Bacchides  Chrysalus  servos  carries  a 
letter  from  Mnesilochus  to  his  father  Nicobulus,  in  which  the 
son  had  asked  his  father  to  keep  Chrysalus  bound  at  home 
(735-747)-    Nicobulus,  having  read  the  letter  (79^793),  bids 
Chrysalus  wait  a  moment  (794),  and  goes  within  his  house,  to 
return  at  799  with  slaves  who  are  to  bind  Chrysalus.    At  809 
he  explains  by  showing  the  letter  to  Chrysalus '  and  saying, 
Em  hae  te  vinciri  itibent.    At  810-81 1  the  latter  rejoins,  with 
great  pretended  bitterness :  Aha,  Bellerophantam  tuos  me  fecit 
filius :  egomet  tabellas  tetuli  ut  vincirer. 

Circe.— In  Epid.  604  Periphanes  senex  calls  the  girl  whom  he 
had  mistakenly  supposed  to  be  his  daughter  hanc  .  .  .  Circam 

Solis  aiiam. 

Danaides.— In  Ps.    101-102   Pseudolus   servos   says  to  his 

master  Calidorus: 

quod  tu  istis  lacrumis  te  probare  postulas, 

non  pluris  refert  quam  si  imbrim  in  cribrum  geras. 

See  Lorenz  and  Morris  ad  loc.  In  369  Pseudolus  says  In  pertus- 
sum  ingerimus  dicta  dolium:  operam  ludimus.  See  Morris 
here.  If  the  reference  in  these  passages  really  is  to  the  story 
of  the  Danaides,  the  omission  of  the  name  is  significant. 

Dirce.— In  Ps.  196  fif.  Ballio  leno,  threatening  Aeschrodora 
meretrix  unless  she  brings  him  much  profit,  says  (198-201)  : 
eras  te  quasi  Dircam  olim  ut  memorant  duo  gnati  lovis 
devinxere  ad  taurum,  item  ego  te  distringam  ad  carnarium: 

id  tibi  profecto  taurus  fiet. 

Eurydice-Orpheus.-S^^    Hec.    852-853,    discussed    above, 

page  237,  under  Orcus. 

Ganymedes.-ln  Men.  no  Menaechmus  I  Epidamniensis 
comes  out  of  his  house,  intending  to  carry  to  Erotium  meretrix 
a  palla  which  he  has  stolen  from  his  wife.  As  he  commends 
himself  on  his  shrewdness  in  overreaching  his  wife,  Peniculus 

*  Chrysalus  servos  can  read  :    cf.  1023. 


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AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


parasitus  overhears  him  and  applies  for  a  share  of  the  plunder 
(^35)-    At  141  if.  this  dialogue  ensues: 

MEN.  Vin  tu  f acinus  luculentum  inspicere?    PE.  Quis  id  coxit  coquos? 

lam  sciam,  si  quid  titubatumst,  ubi  reliquias  videro. 
MEN.  Die  mi,  enumquam  tu  vidisti  tabulam  pictam  *  in  pariete 

ubi  aquila  Catameitum  raperet  aut  ubi  Venus  Adoneum?' 
PE.       Saepe.    Sed  quid  istae  picturae  ad  me  attinent? 

Menaechmus's  allusion  is,  to  be  sure,  rather  far-fetched;  he 
thinks  of  himself  as  the  eagle  or  as  Venus,  of  the  cloak  as 
Ganymede  or  as  Adonis.  But  precisely  in  this,  as  in  the  (delib- 
erate) perversion  of  the  name  Ganymedes,  lies  part  of  the  fun 
of  this  grandiloquent  utterance  (see  also  note  2,  below). 

There  may  be  another  reference  to  the  story  of  Ganymede, 
in  a  corrupt  passage,  Tr.  946-947.  The  sycophanta,  in  a  de- 
scription of  his  imaginary  journeyings,  had  declared  in  940  ff. 
that  he  had  reached  heaven  itself.    Charmides  senex  then  says : 

pudicum  neminem  .  .  .  f  re  oportet,  qui  aps  terra  ad  caelum 
pervenerit. 

Geryones. — See  above,  under  Argus,  page  243. 
Halcyones,—Com^2Lrt  Gas.  Prol.  24-26  (a  non-Plautine  pro- 
logue, in  part),  in  an  address  to  the  spectators : 

Ne  quis  f ormidet  flagitatorem  suom ; 
ludi  sunt,  ludus  datus  est  argentariis ; 
tranquillum  est,  Alcedonia  sunt  circum  forum. 

In  Poe.  355-356  Agorastocles  adulescens  says  to  his  slave 
Milphio : 

*  On  the  reference  here  to  painting  see  my  paper,  References  to  Paint- 
ing in  Plautus  and  Terence,  Classical  Philology,  XII,  152-153. 

'For  Venus's  love  of  Adonis  see  Diimmler,  in  Pauly-Wissowa  i.  391- 
392.  Compare  especially  these  words :  "  Dass  das  Verhaltnis  notwendig 
als  brautliches,  keusches  aufgefasst  worden  sei  .  .  .  ist  nicht  als 
wesentlich  f  iir  den  Kult  zuzugeben ;  die  Vorstellung  wurde  erst  durch 
die  hellenistische  Kunst  begiinstigt,  die  A.,  ihn  mit  Eros  vermischend, 
in  geradezu  unreifem  Alter  darstellt.  Aus  einem  solchen  Bilde  macht 
Plautus  Men.  I.  2.  34  einen  Raub  des  A.  durch  Aphrodite.  Die  alexan- 
drinische  Feier  <for  which  see  Diimmler  386;  cf.  Theocr.  I5>  ver- 
bietet,  das  Verhaltnis  als  platonisch  aufzufassen,  ganz  abgesehen  von 
dem  Schmutz  der  Komodie,  welcher  keinen  echt  sagenhaften  Hinter- 
grund  hat ". 

Plautus  seems,  then,  to  have  blundered,  whether  by  accident  or  by 
design.  A  deliberate  perversion  or  confusion  would  be  sufficiently 
humorous. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  247 

lam  hercle  tu  periisti,  nisi  illam  mihi  tam  tranquillam  facis 
quam  mare  olimst  quom  ibi  alcedo  puUos  educit  suos. 
Hercules.— ThQ  Amphitruo  is  concerned  throughout,  of 
course  with  Hercules.  For  his  birth  and  his  feat  in  stranghng 
the  snakes  (so  well  represented  e.  g.  by  the  well-known  fresco 
in  the  House  of  the  Vettii  at  Pompeii)  see  1107-1116,  a  narra- 
tive by  Bromia  ancilla. 

In  Pe.  1-5  Toxilus  servos  says  to  Sagaristio  servos : 
Qui  amans  egens  ingressus  est  princeps  in  Amoris  vias 
superavit  aerumnis  is  suis  aerumnas  Herculi, 
nam  cum  leone.  cum  excetra,  cum  cervo,  cum  apro  Aetolico, 
cum  avibus  Stymphalicis,  cum  Antaeo  deluctan  mavelim 
quam  cum  Amore :   ita  fio  miser  quaerendo  argento  mutuo  .  .  . 
In  Epid.  177-178  Periphanes  senex,  reminded  of  his  dead 
wife,  says: 

Hercules  ego  fui,  dum  ilia  mecum  fuit, 

neque  sexta  aerumna  acerbior  Herculi  quam  ilia  mihi  obiectast. 

In  Men.  199  ff.  Menaechmus  I  Epidamniensis,  speaking  of  his 
theft  of  a  palla  from  his  wife,  proudly  says: 

Nimio  ego  banc  periculo 
surrupui  hodie:    meo  quidem  animo  ab  Hippolyta  subcingulum  haud 
Hercules  aeque  magno  umquam  apstulit  penculo. 
In  Ba.  109  ff.  Lydus  paedagogus  seeks  to  keep  ^is  younger 
master  Pistoclerus  out  of  the  clutches  of  the  Bacchides.     A 
147  Pistoclerus  says :  Omitte,  Lyde,  ac  cave  malo.    Lydus,  cut 
to  the  quick,  cries  (151  ff.)  '• 

LY.  Vixisse  nimio  satiust  iam  quam  vivere. 

Magistron  quemquam  discipulum  minitaner . 
Nil  moror  discipulos  mi  esse  iam  plenos  sangmnis : 
valens  adflictat  me  vacivom  virium. 
PI.    Fiam,  ut  ego  opinor,  Hercules,  tu  autem  Lmus. 
LY.  Pol  metuo  magis  ne  Phoenix  tuis  factis  fuam 

teque  ad  patrem  esse  mortuom  renuntiem. 
PI.    Satis  historiarumst  \ 
Lydus  keeps  the  Linus  story  in  mind;  in  440-441,  contrasting 
contemporary  education  with  that  of  the  good  old  days,  he 
says:  at  nunc  prius  quam  septuennis  est,  si  attingas  eum  manu, 
extemplo  puer  paedagogo  tabula  dirrumpit  caput. 

'A  very  significant  word  here:    compare  Men.  247-248  and  see  my 
remarks  in  Classical  Philology,  II,  295,  "•  1- 
18 


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AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY, 


In  Eun.  1026  ff.  Thraso  miles  refers  to  the  Hercules-Omphale 
story : 

GN.  Quid  coeptas,  Thraso? 
TH.  Egone?  ut  Thaidi  me  dedam  et  faciam  quod  iubeat.    GN.  Quid  est? 
qui  minus*  quam  Hercules  servivit  Omphalae?     GN.  Exemplum 

placet. 
Utinam  tibi  conmitigari  videam  sandalio  caput. 

The  words  of  the  senex  in  Men.  795-797,  as  he  chides  his 
daughter,  are  perhaps  in  point:  servirin  tibi  postulas  vires? 
dare  una  opera  pensum  postules,  inter  ancillas  sedere  iubeas, 
lanam  carere. 

For  the  Hercules- Phoenix  story  see  Ba.  151  ff.  cited  above, 
page  247. 

In  Cas.  396  ff.  we  have  this  dialogue  between  two  slaves : 

CH.  Deos  quaeso — ut  tua  sors  ex  sitella  ecfugerit. 
OL.  Ain  tu?  quia  tute  es  fugitivos,  omnis  te  imitari  cupis? 
utinam  tua  quidem  <  tibi  >  sic,  uti  Herculeis  praedicant 
quondam  prognatis,  in  sortiendo  sors  deliquerit. 
CH.  Tu  ut  liquescas  ipse,  actutum  virgis  calefactabere. 

See  Naudet's  edition  here,  and  Pausanias  4.  3.  3-5,  4.  5.  i,  with 
the  notes  in  the  Hitzig-Bliimner  edition.^ 

Obscure  is  Ru.  485-490-     There  Labrax  leno,  fresh  from 
shipwreck,  exclaims: 

tqui   homo   sese   miserum   et   mendicum   volet.f 
Neptuno  credat  sese  atque  aetatem  suam, 
nam  si  quis  cum  eo  quid  rei  commiscuit, 
ad  hoc  exemplum  amittit  ornatum  domum. 
Edepol,  Libertas,  lepida  es,  quae  numquam  pedem 
voluisti  in  navem  cum  Hercule  una  imponere. 

The  commentators  have  been  baffled  here.  Sonnenschein,  in 
both  editions  (1891,  1901),  merely  wrote,  "  An  allusion  to  some 

'  Sc.  Thaidi  me  dedam. 

'  This  is  an  extremely  interesting  passage.  One  would  hardly  expect 
an  average  audience,  Roman  or  modern,  to  be  familiar  with  the  story 
of  the  trickery  of  Cresphontes  and  Temenus.  This  may  be  true,  as  has 
been  argued,  of  others  of  the  allusions  cited  in  this  paper.  Indeed,  it  has 
been  maintained  "  that  the  very  strangeness  of  many  things  'in  the 
comoedia  palliata  added  to  the  interest  of  the  plays ;  the  existence  of  the 
togata  side  by  side  with  the  palliata  lends  considerable  support  to  this 
view"  (so  Professor  A.  L.  Wheeler,  in  a  review  of  Leffingwell,  Social 
and  Private  Life  at  Rome  in  the  Time  of  Plautus  and  Terence,  which 
is  to  appear  in  The  Classical  Weekly,  XHI). 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  249 

lost  myth  about  Herakles.    Lucian  (De  mercede  conductis,  23) 
says  that  Libertas  never  enters  the  house  of  a  rich  man  ".    The 
reference  to   Lucian  had  been  made  by   Gruter,  and,  after 
Gruter,  by  Leo,  in  his  text-edition  (1896).    Ussing  saw,  some- 
how, a  reference  to  the  Hercules-Omphale  story  (for  the  ap- 
pearance of  that  story  in  Plautus  see  above,  page  248).    Pro- 
fessor A.  F.  West,  in  A.  J.  P.  XV  356,  interpreted  Hercules 
here  and  in  Mo.  984,  <Tranio>  vel  Herculi  f  conterere  quaes- 
tum  potest  t,  as  a  name  for  a  very  rich  man.    This  interpreta- 
tion he  connects  with  the  statement  of  Sonnenschein,  quoted 
above,  about  Lucian  De  Mercede  Conductis  23.    There  is,  of 
course,  no  difficulty  in  thus  interpreting  Hercules— in  the  right 
context:    see  e.  g.  Horace,  Serm.  2.  6.  10-14,  and  the  editors 
there.    Assuming,  then,  for  the  moment  that  Professor  West's 
view  of  our  passage  is  correct,  compare  Au.  226-235,  said  by 
Euclio  senex,  pauper,  to  Megadorus  senex,  vir  ditissimus,  his 
prospective  son-in-law : 

Venit  hoc  mihi,  Megadore,  in  mentem,  ted  esse  hominem  divitem, 

factiosum,  me  item  esse  hominem  pauperum  pauperrumum; 

nunc  si  filiam  locassim  meam  tibi,  in  mentem  venit 

te  boven)  esse  et  me  esse  asellum :   ubi  tecum  coniunctus  siem, 

ubi  onus  nequeam  ferre  pariter,  iaceam  ego  asinus  in  luto, 

tu  me  bos  magis  hau  respicias  gnatus  quasi  numquam  siem. 

Et  te  utar  iniquiore  et  meu'  me  ordo  inrideat, 

neutrubi  habeam  stabile  stabulum,  si  quid  divorti  f uat : 

asini  me  mordicibus  scindant,  boves  incursent  cornibus. 

Hoc  magnum  est  periculum,  ab  asinis  ad  boves  transcendere. 

But,  if  this  is  the  thought  of  Ru.  485-490.  Lucian  De  Mercede 
Conductis,  23,  is  not  in  point,  for  nothing  is  said  there  to  the 
effect  that  "  Libertas  never  enters  the  house  of  a  rich  man  '\ 
There  to  the  man  who  plans  to  work  for  pay  these  words  are 

spoken  :  koX  trpCirov  ye  filfivrjao  fir)K€TL  ikevOepov  to  air'  Udvov  firjhk 
tvirarpihyiv  aeavrov  oUaOat '  Trc^vra  yhp  Tavra,  to  ycVo?,  Trjv  cAcv^c- 
piav,  Tok  rrpoyovovs  c^o>  tou  oBov  xaTaActVcuv  laBi,  cTrctSav  iirl  roiavrrjv 
aavTov  Xarpeiav  SiTrefiTroXrjcras  ehirj's '  ov  yap  c^cA^act  aoi^  ^  'EAcu- 
Stpia  $vv€LG€\6€lv  £>'  ouTO)?  Aycvvij  TTpdyfxaTa  Kal  Taireivk  elatovTL. 
Aoi3Ao9  oiv,  €L  Kal  Ttdw  axOiar}  tco  ovd/xaTt,  Kal  o^x  ^^'os,  dAA^^  7roAA<5v 
SovAos  dmyxaiu)?  eVy  Kal  OrjTevaeL^:  Kcirto  vev€VKw<s    IwOev   ek   kaitipav, 

"6.€i,K€\U  inl  iiiaOi^  "  .  .  .  .  Plainly,  Lucian's  words  throw  light 
on  our  passage  only  by  showing  that  Libertas  was  particular 
about  the  company  she  kept. 


250 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


Manifestly,  no  convincing  guess  concerning  the  meaning  of 
our  passage  has  yet  been  made.  If  another  may  be  added,  I 
would  suggest  as  a  sufficient  thought  here,  whether  it  was  that 
of  Diphilus  and  Plautus  or  not,  the  idea  that  Libertas  was 
loath  to  set  foot  on  shipboard  or  anywhere  else  with  one  so 
overmastering  as  Hercules  had  shown  himself  to  be. 

In  Ru.  798  ff.  Daemones  senex  sends  Turbalio  servos  to 
bring  from  the  house  two  stout  clavae.  When  Turbalio  comes 
back  with  the  clubs,  Daemones  says  (804)  Ehem,  optume  edepol 
eccum  clavator  advenit ;  at  807-808  he  bids  Turbalio  and 
Sparax,  each  with  a  club,  to  stand  on  either  side  of  Labrax 
leno,  to  keep  him  from  molesting  the  girls  and  from  going 
away.  Finally,  when  we  remember  that  the  scene  is  laid 
before  a  fanum  Veneris,  we  shall  understand  Labrax's  words 
at  821  ff . :  Heu  hercle  ne  istic  fana  mutantur  cito:  iam  hoc 
Herculi  fit  Veneris  fanum  quod  fuit:  ita  duo  destituit  signa 
hie  cum  clavis  senex. 

I  group  here  minor  references  to  Hercules. — In  Cu.  358 
Curculio  parasitus  says :  talos  arripio,  invoco  almam  meam 
nutricem  Herculem,  iacto  basilicum.  Between  Hercules,  of  the 
large  appetite,  and  a  parasite  sympathy  was  sure  to  exist.  See 
Naudet's  note. — In  St.  218  ff.  Gelasimus  parasitus  is  auctioning 
his  property,  his  logi  ridiculi.  In  221  ff.  he  cries.  Age,  licemini. 
Qui  cena  poscit?  ecqui  poscit  prandio?  (Hercules  te  amabit) — 
prandio,  cena  tibi.  Ehem,  adnuistin  ?  But  the  text  here  is  un- 
certain :  see  Lindsay.  The  passage  closes  with  232-233 :  Haec 
veniisse  iam  opus  est  quantum  potest,  uti  decumarr.  partem 
Herculi  polluceam.  See  Naudet's  note.  For  tithes  to  Hercules 
see  also  Ba.  663-666  (servos).  Mo.  984  (?  servos),  and,  best 
of  all,  Tru.  559-565  (servos). — In  Ru.  1225,  Daemones  senex, 
having  been  worsted  by  Trachalio  servos  in  their  duel  of  licet' s, 
exclaims,  Hercules  istum  infelicet  cum  sua  licentia. 

Hippolyta. — See  above,  page  247,  under  Hercules. 

Hyacinthus. — In  Ba.  109  ff.  Lydus  paedagogus  seeks  to  deter 
Pistoclerus  adulescens  from  entering  Bacchis's  house.  Finally, 
in  137  ff.,  we  have  this  dialogue: 

PI.  Tace  atque  sequere,  Lyde,  me.  LY.  IIluc  sis  vide! 
non  paedagogum  iam  me,  sed  Lydum  vocat. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  25 1 

PI.  Non  par  videtur  neque  sit  consentaneum, 
quom  t  haec  intus  t  sit  et  cum  amica  accubet, 
quomque  osculetur  et  convivae  alii  accubent, 
praesentibus  illis  paedagogus  ut  siet. 

Havet,  according  to  Lindsay,  suggested,  in  verse  140,  cum  iraU 
intus  sit  et  cum  cum  amica  accubet.  Lindsay  himself  thinks 
that  quom  Hyacinthus  intus  sit  may  be  right,  but  he  does  not 
indicate  wherein  a  reference  to  Hyacinthus  would  be  appropri- 
ate here.  He  was  doubtless  thinking  of  the  erotic  version  of 
the  Hyacinthus  story. 
Icarus.— In  Mer.  486-489  Naudet  saw  a  reference  to  the 

story  of  Icarus : 

EU.  Visne  earn  ad  portum— CH.  Qui  potius  quam  voles?     EU.  atque 

eximam 
mulierem  pretio  ?  CH.  Qui  potius  quam  auro  expendas  ?  EU.  Unde 

erit? 
CH.  Acchillem  orabo  aurum  mihi  det  Hector  qui  expensus  fuit. 

EU.  Sanun  es  ? 

Charinus  is  throughout  sarcastic.     The  ultimate  sense  of  the 

passage  is  as  follows:   '  Do  you  want  me  to  go  (walk)  to  the 

harbor ? '     '  No,  fly.'—  and  get  the  woman  by  paying 

for  her?  '  '  Why,  of  course,  buy  her  \    '  Where's  the  money  to 

come  from?  *     '  Oh,  I'll  ask  Achilles  to  give  me  the  money  he 

got  as  ransom  for  Hector '.    Charinus's  two  answers  mean  in 

the  last  analysis :  '  of  course  you've  got  to  walk,  you  can't  fly ', 

and  *  pay  for  her,  in  gold,  of  course  '.     The  allusion  to  the 

Achilles  story  increases  somewhat  the  possibility  that  Naudet 

is  right  in  seeing  a  reference  to  the  Icarus  story :  the  allusions 

that  concern  us  come  catervatim,  so  to  say ;  see  e.  g.  above, 

page  243,  under  Argus,  the  passages  referred  to  page  238,  note 

I,  and  below,  pages  258-260,  under  Ulixes. 

Linus.—S^^  above,  under  Hercules,  page  247. 

Lycurgus  (insanus).— See  above,  under  Aiax,  page  238. 

Medea,  Pelias.—ln  Ps.  790-865  Ballio  leno  is  abusing  a 
cocus  whom  he  has  hired  a  foro.  The  latter,  unruffled,  bids 
Ballio  stop  worrying,  adding  (868  ff.)  sorbitione  faciam  ego 
hodie  te  mea  item  ut  Medea  Peliam  concoxit  senem,  quem 
medicamento  et  suis  venenis  dicitur  fecisse  rusus  ex  sene 
adulescentulum :  item  ego  te  faciam.  See  the  editors  ad  loc, 
especially  Morris. 


252 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


Minerva. — In  Hau.  1035-1037,  in  a  dialogue  between  Clitipho 
adulescens  and  Chremes,  his  father,  there  is  an  interesting  use 
of  the  story  of  Minerva's  birth : 

CL.  Non  sunt  haec  parentis  dicta.     CH.  Non,  si  ex  capite  sis  meo 
natus,  item  ut  aiunt  Minervam  esse  ex  love,  ea  causa  magis 
patiar,  Clitipho,  flagitiis  tuis  me  infamem  fieri. 

Mulciber. — See  below,  under  Achilles,  page  255. 

Nerio. — In  Tru.  515  Stratophanes  miles,  entering,  addresses 
Phronesium  meretrix  thus:  Mars  peregre  adveniens  salutat 
Nerienem  uxorem  suam.    See  Gellius  13.  21,  especially  11  ff. 

Oedipus. — In  Andr.  194  Davus  servos,  pretending  not  to 
understand  the  hint  his  master  is  trying  to  give  him,  says  Davus 
sum,  non  Oedipus.  In  Poe.  443-444  Milphio  says  of  his  mas- 
ter's wild  utterances,  isti  quidem  hercle  orationi  Oedipo  opust 
coniectore,  qui  Sphingi  interpres  fuit. 

Omphale. — See  Eun.  1026  ff..  Men.  795  flP.,  cited  above,  under 
Hercules,  page  248. 

Qps, — In  Mi.  1082  the  miles  says :  postriduo  natus  sum  ego, 

muHer,  quam  luppiter  ex  Ope  natust.     Compare  Cis.  512  flf., 

where  Alcesimarchus  adulescens  says,  with  interruptions  by 

Melaenis  lena : 

itaque  me  luno  regina  et  lovis  supremi  filia, 
itaque  me  Saturnus  eiius  patruos — ME.  Ecastor  pater. 
AL.  itaque  me  Ops  opulenta,  illius  avia— ME.  Immo  mater  quidem. 

The  Miles  passage  helps  us  to  see  that  eiius  and  illius  refer  to 
Jupiter.  In  Pe.  251  fif.  Sagaristio  servos,  entering,  appeals  to 
lovi  opulento,  incluto,  Ope  gnato,  etc.  Brix,  on  Mi.  1.  c,  refers 
to  Livy  39.  22.  4,  and  the  editors  there.  See  also  Preller- 
Jordan,  Romische  Mythologie  ^,  2.  20  ff. 

Orestes. — See  above,  page  238. 

Orpheus-Eurydice. — See  above,  under  Orcus,  page  237. 

Pentheus. — In  Mer.  469  Charinus  adulescens,  entering,  says : 
Pentheum  diripuisse  aiiunt  Bacchas :  nugas  maxumas  fuisse 
credo,  praeut  quo  pacto  ego  divorsus  distrahor.  Cf .  also  a  frag- 
ment, incomplete,  of  the  Vidularia :  Eiusdem  Bacchae  f  ecerunt 
nostram  navem  Pentheum. 

Phaon.—ln  Mi.  1 246-1 247  Palaestrio  servos  says  to  the 
miles :  nulli  mortali  scio  optigisse  hoc  nisi  duobus,  tibi  et  Phaoni 
Lesbio,  tam  mulier  se  ut  amaret. 

Philomela,  Progne.— In  Ru.  593  ff.  Daemones  senex,  enter- 
ing, soliloquizes  concerning  a  dream  of  the  past  night  (596- 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  253 

.07)  A  si>nia  had  been  trying  to  reach  a  nidus  hirundininus, 
but  in  vain ;  finally  it  had  sought  to  borrow  a  ladder  from 
Daemones  (59^-^2).  Compare  now  603  ff . :  ego  ad  hoc 
exemplum  simiae  respondeo  .  .  .  natas  ex  Philomela  ac 
Progne  esse  hirundines :  ago  cum  ilia  ne  quid  noceat  meis  popu- 
laribus.^    See  also,  below,  on  this  page,  under  Tereus. 

Phoenix.—See  above,  under  Hercules,  page  247. 

Phrixus.-ln  Ba.  239-243  Chrysalus  servos  refers  m  a  very 
interesting  way  to  the  story  of  the  aries  Phrixi  {extexam  ego 
ilium  pulchre  iam,   si  di  volunt,  in  239  paves  the  way  very 

naturally  for  241-242). 

Porthaon.-ln  Men.  745  Menaechmus  II  Syracusanus,  ad- 
dressing the  matrona,  says :  Ego  te  simitu  novi  cum  Porthaone. 
Cf  his  words  to  her  at  748 :  Novi  cum  Calcha  simul. 

Rhadamanthus.-ln  Tr.  928  the  sycophanta,  master  supreme 
of  tall  talk,  when  asked  to  give  Charmides's  whereabouts,  says : 
Pol  ilium  reliqui  ad  Rhadamantem  in  Cercopio.    See  Brix  and 

Fairclough  ad  loc. 

Sibulla.— In  Ps.  25-26  Pseudolus  servos  says  of  the  letter 
written  by  the  meretrix  to  Calidorus  adulescens :  has  quidem 
pol    credo    nisi    Sibulla    legerit,    interpretari    ahum    potesse 

neminem.  . 

Sisyphus.-ln   Eun.    1084-1085   Gnatho   parasitus   has   the 
Sisyphus  story  in  mind :  Unum  etiam  hoc  vos  oro,  ut  me  in 
vostrum  gregem  recipiatis :  satis  diu  hoc  iam  saxum  vorso. 
The  saxum  is  the  miles.    See  Donatus  and  Fabia  ad  loc. 
Sphinx.— Se^  above,  under  Oedipus,  page  252. 
Tereus.—See  under  Philomela,  Progne,  pages  252   f .     In 
Ru    508^509  Charmides  senex,  the  voluptuous  Sicilian  friend 
of  Labrax  leno,  says  to  Labrax :  Scelestiorem  cenam  cenavi 
tuam  quam  quae  Thyestae  quondam  aut  posita  est  Tereo. 
Thyestes.—See  above,  under  Tereus. 

Titanes.— In  Pe.  26  Toxilus  servos  asks:  Quid  ego  faciam? 
disne  advorser?  quasi  Titani  cum  is  belligerem  quibus  sat  esse 
non  queam  ?  ^ 

'  Compare  the  appeal  of  Epops  in  Aristophanes,  Aves  366-368  to  the 
birds  to  spare  Peisthetaerus  and  Euelpides,  rij,  ifiijs  yvmcKbs  6pre  I.TTe.'^ 

icat  <f>v\iTa. 

'  In  Men.  853  f .  Menaechmus  II  Syracusanus,  pretending  to  be  mad, 
says,  Hau  male  illanc  amovi :    <  amoveo  >  nunc  hunc  inpurissumum. 


254 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


Volcanus. — In  Ru.  761  Labrax  leno,  after  Daemones  has 
forbidden  him  to  touch  the  maidens,  says :  Volcanum  adducam, 
is  Venerist  advorsarius.  For  the  story  he  has  in  mind  compare 
e.  g.  Odyssey  8.  270-365.  See  Naudet's  note.  See  also  above, 
under  Mulciber,  page  252. 

Miscellaneous  Matters. — In  Pe.  549  ff.  Sagaristio  servos  is 
talking  to  the  virgo  whom  he  is  bringing  in  as  a  supposed 
prisoner  of  war ;  he  asks  her  opinion  of  Athens  and  receives  a 
clever  answer  (549-550).  In  553-554  we  have  this  further 
dialogue :  SAG.  Ut  munitum  muro  tibi  visum  oppidumst  ? 
VI.  Si  incolae  bene  sunt  morati,  id  pulchre  moenitum  arbitror, 
etc.  There  may  be  a  reference  to  Sparta  and  its  human  walls. 
In  Tr.  547-552  there  is  an  elaborate  reference  to  the  Fortuna- 
torum  Insulae.  In  As.  34,  in  the  words  of  Libanus  servos, 
apud  fustitudinas,  ferricrepinas  insulas,  I  see  a  parodic  refer- 
ence again  to  these  Islands. 

B.  Stories    Relating    to    the    Trojan    War    (Involving 

Homer  and  the  Cyclic  Poets). ^ 

Attention  was  called,  p.  232,  n.  3,  to  the  role  played  by 
the  story  of  Troy  in  early  Roman  tragedy.  Comedy,  too,  was 
interested  in  this  theme.  At  any  rate,  we  find  in  Plautus 
(though  not  in  Terence)  references  repeatedly  to  well-known 
details  of  the  story  still  to  be  seen  in  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey, 
but  which,  in  the  days  when  the  so-called  Cyclic  Poems  were 
yet  extant,  was  far  more  fully  rounded  out  for  both  Greeks  and 
Romans  than  it  can  be  for  us. 

Achilles. — In  Tru.  730-731  Astaphium  ancilla  says  to 
Diniarchus  adulescens  :  Stultus  es  qui  facta  infecta  facere  verbis 
postules.    Theti'  quoque  etiam  lamentando  pausam  fecit  filio. 

barbatum,  tremulum  Titanum  qui  cluet  Cycno  patre.  So  Lindsay,  and 
Brix-Niemeyer ',  with  the  MSS,  rightly.  Most  editors  read  Tithonum 
for  Titanum.  But  they  are  obliged  to  admit  that  nowhere  else  is 
Tithonus  son  of  Cycnus.  This  consideration  would,  of  course,  be 
without  weight  if  the  MSS  gave  Tithonum;  in  this  very  play,  141-143, 
as  shown  above,  page  246,  note  2,  we  have  a  story  without  parallel  in 
extant  classical  literature. 

*  To  get  the  properly  cumulative  effect,  it  has  seemed  best  to  group 
under  this  one  caption  all  the  pertinent  material. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  255 

Epid.  29-38  is  a  very  interesting  passage.  Two  slaves  are 
talking,  Thesprio,  slave  of  Stratippocles,  who  has  just  come 
back  from  Thebes  from  some  campaign,  and  Epidicus : 

EP.  Ubi  arma  sunt  Stratippocli  ? 
TH.  Pol  ilia  ad  hostis  transfugerunt.    EP.  Armane?    TH.  Atque 

quidem  cito. 

EP.  Serione  dici'  tu  ? 

TH.  Serio,  inquam :   hostes  habent. 
EP.  Edepol  facinus  inprobum.    TH.  At  iam  ante  alii  fecerunt  idem*. 
Erit  illi  ilia  res  honori.    EP.  Qui?    TH.  Quia  ante  aliis  fuit*. 
Mulciber,  credo,  arma  fecit  quae  habuit  Stratippocles : 
travolaverunt  ad  hostis '.    EP.  Tum  ille  prognatus  Theti 
sine  perdat :  alia  adportabunt  ei  Neri  filiae. 

Id  modo  videndum  est,  ut  materies  suppetat  scutariis, 

si  in  singulis  stipendiis  is  ad  hostis  exuvias  dabit  *. 

In  Mi.  59  ff.  Artotrogus  parasitus  tells  how  the  day  before 
some  women  had  questioned  him  concerning  the  miles. 
Cf .  61  if. : 

AR.  Rogitabant:    "  Hicine  Achilles  est?",  inquit  mihi. 
"  Immo  eius  f  rater  "  ',  inquam,  "  est  ".    Ibi  illarum  altera 
"  Ergo  mecastor  pulcher  est "  inquit  mihi, 
"  et  liberalis.    Vide  caesaries  quam  decet ". 

Cf.  also  68.    In  Mi.  1054a,  1055  Milphidippa  ancilla  calls  the 
soldier  Mi  Achilles    .    .    .    urbicape,  occisor  regum.      In  Mi. 

'  Leo  and  Lindsay  rightly  keep  the  MS  order  of  the  verses. 
'  Gray  ad  loc.  holds  that  "  this  probably  alludes  to  some  well-known 
persons  who  had  undeservedly  received  promotion.  They  are  the 
Pi^d<r7ri5c5  of  Aristophanes,  Nub.  353,  Pax  1186".  Scaliger  and  Naudet 
had  held  this  view  long  before:  see  the  note  in  the  Lemaire  edition. 
Certainly  the  passage  sounds  definite  enough;  it  would  at  any  rate  be 
far  more  effective  if  aimed  at  contemporary  events.  In  that  case,  see 
above,  page  243,  note  i,  page  244,  note  i. 

It  strikes  me,  however,  that  we  may  have  here  after  all  rather  a 
parody  of  passages  like  those  in  Archilochus,  Alcaeus,  and  Anacreon  to 
which  Horace's  famous  phrase,  relicta  non  bene  parmula,  C.  2.  7.  10, 
goes  back.    See  Smith's  note  there. 

*The  sense  is  *  No  human  workman  made  those  arms:  they  had 
wings'.  There  is  here,  of  course,  a  -napa  irpoadoKiav  joke;  Vulcan  made 
arms  for  Achilles  (and  for  Aeneas)  for  fighting,  not  for  iiighting,  if 
the  lusus  verborum  may  be  allowed. 

*For  the  language  cf.  Juvenal  3.  310-311. 

•Wild  burlesque,  of  course;  Achilles  had  no  brother.  In  the  Iliad 
Achilles  is  long-haired,  and  iapdds.  See  Seymour,  Life  in  the  Homeric 
Age,  175-177. 


256 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


1284  ff.  Pleusicles  adulescens,  entering  in  the  disguise  of  a 
nauclerus,  moralizes  on  the  strange  conduct  to  which  love  has 
driven  men,  himself  included.  At  1289,  he  begins  his  enumera- 
tion of  these  things  with  the  words  Mitto  iam  ut  occidi  Achilles 
civis  passus  est.     See  Mer.  486  ff.,  discussed  above,  under 

Icarus,  page  251. 

Alexander  {Paris).— In  Mi.  777-77^  Palaestrio  servos  says 
of  the  miles,  Isque  Alexandri  praestare  praedicat  formam 
suam.  See  also  below,  pages  259-260,  the  analysis  of  the  con- 
tents of  Ba.  925  ff. 

Aiitolycus.— In  Ba.  275  Nicobulus  senex  refers  to  Autolycus, 
grandfather  of  Ulysses,  furacitate  celeberrimus,  thus  :  Deceptus 
sum :  Autolyco  hospiti  aurum  credidi. 

Calchas.—ln  Men.  748-749  the  dialogue  between  the  matrona 
and  Menaechmus  II  Syracusanus  runs  thus  (she  refers  to  her 
father)  : 

MA.  Novistin  tu  ilium  ?    MEN.  Novi  cum  Calcha  simul : 
eodem  die  ilium  vidi  quo  te  ante  hunc  diem. 

Cf .  his  words  at  745,  Ego  te  simitu  novi  cum  Porthaone.  In 
Mer.  945,  after  Charinus,  crazed  by  love,  had  told  Eutychus 
that  he  had  traveled  in  search  of  his  lost  love  to  Chalcis  and 
there  had  got  information  concerning  her  from  a  hospes 
Zacyntho  (940-944),  the  latter  exclaims,  Calchas  iste  quidem 

Zacynthiust. 

Hecuba.— R^cwhdJs  story,  in  one  detail  at  least,  was  in  Plau- 
tus's  mind  in  several  passages.  Witness  the  interesting  dialogue 
in  Men.  713-718  between  the  matrona  and  Menaechmus  II 
Syracusanus,  in  which  Menaechmus  refers  to  the  story  of 
Hecuba's  transformation  into  a  dog  (for  which  cf.  e.  g.  Eurip- 
ides, Hecuba  1265).  Cf.  936.  Possibly,  too,  Plautus  had  this 
story  in  mind  in  Cas.  317-320  (dialogue  between  Lysidamus 
senex  and  Olumpio  servos)  : 

LY.  Quid  istuc  est?  quicum  litigas,  Olumpio? 
OL.  Cum  eadem  qua  tu  semper.    LY.  Cum  uxori  mea? 
OL.  Quam  tu  mihi  uxorem  ?  quasi  venator  tu  quidem  es, 
dies  atque  noctes  cum  cane  aetatem  exigis. 

Yet  cane  in  320  may  be  merely  a  common  term  of  opprobrium 
and  319-320  may  remind  us  rather  of  Horace  C.  i.  i.  25-28. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  ^S7 

For  another  reference  to  Hecuba  see  below,  pages  259-260,  in 
the  discussion  of  Ba.  925  ff. 

^^ctor.— In  Cas.  991  ff.,  when  Olumpio  vilicus  turns  on  his 
master,  Lysidamus  senex,  this  dialogue  ensues : 
LY    Nontaces?    OL.  Non  hercle  vero  taceo.    Nam  tu  maxumo 
'  me  opsecravisti  opere  Casinam  ut  poscerem  uxorem  mihi 
tui  amoris  caussa.    LY.  Ego  istuc  feci?    OL.  Immo  Hector  Ihus- 
LY.  te  quidem  oppresset  \ 

The  Teubner  text  had  printed  Immo  Hector  Ilius  te  quidem 
oppressit,  and  had  distributed  the  dialogue  differently;   the 
sentence    hmno  .  .  .  oppressit    was    allotted    to    Cleustrata 
matrona.      Lindsay    refers    to    Palmer,    Hermathena    12.    83. 
Lindsay's    text    and    distribution    of    parts    are    excellent. 
Olumpio  starts  to  say,  sarcastically,  '  No,  I  didn't  do  it,  Trojan 
Hector  <did  it>  '.    The  sarcasm  is  of  a  piece  with  that  seen 
e   g   in  Men.  748^749  MA.  Novistin  tu  ilium?     MEN.  Novi 
cum  Calcha  simul :  eodem  die  ilium  vidi  quo  te  ante  hunc  diem. 
See  also  Men.  745  Ego  te  simitu  novi  cum  Porthaone.    For  an- 
other reference  to  Hector  see  above,  under  Icarus,  page  251. 

Iphigenia.— In  Epid.  488-490  there  is  probably  a  reference, 
in  the  dialogue  between  the  miles  and  the  senex,  to  the  Iphi- 
genia story : 

MI    Em  istic  homo  te  articulatim  concidit,  senex, 

tuo'  servos.    PE.  Quid  '  concidit '  ?    MI.  Sic  suspiciost, 
nam  pro  fidicina  haec  cerva  supposita  est  tibi. 

See  Gray  ad  loc. 

Nestor.— In  Men.  934  ff-  the  Medicus  and  the  senex  talk 
thus  about  Menaechmus  II  Syracusanus: 

MED   Nunc  homo  insanire  occeptat :   de  iUis  verbis  cave  tibi. 

SE.       Immo  Nestor  nunc  quidem  est  de  verbis,  praeut  dudum  fuit. 

Penelope.— In  St.  1-9  there  is  a  most  elaborate  reference 
to  Penelope's  sorrow  because  of  the  long  absence  of  Ulysses 
(the  speaker,  Panegyris,  has  heard  nothing  of  her  husband 
in  more  than  two  years :  see  29-36)  :  Credo  ego  miseram  fmsse 
Penelopam,  soror,  suo  ex  animo,  quae  tam  diu  vidua  viro  suo 
caruit,  nam  nos  eius  animum  de  nostris  f  actis  noscimus,  quarum 
viri  hinc  apsunt,  quorumque  nos  negotiis  apsentum,  ita  ut 
aequom  est,  sollicitae  noctes  et  dies,  soror,  sumus  semper. 

'  This  sort  of  interruption  is  frequent  in  the  Casina. 


258 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY. 


Talthybius. — In  St.  274  flF.  Pinacium,  rather  tipsy  ^  (270  fi.), 
is  bringing  good  news  to  his  mistress.  In  305  ff.  he  cries, 
contundam  facta  Talthubi  contemnamque  omnis  nuntios 
simulque  ad  cursuram  meditabor  me  ad  ludos  Olumpios. 

Ulixes. — In  plays  in  which  the  chief  role  is  borne  by  the 
tricky  slave  we  should  naturally  expect  references  to  Ulixes.^ 

In  Ba.  21-23,  among  the  fragments  of  this  play,  we  have  a 

reference  to  the  sorrows  of  Ulixes,  particularly  to  the  sorrows 

caused  by  his  wanderings  (the  words  are  spoken,  apparently,  by 

one  of  the  Bacchides)  : 

Ulixem  audivi  fuisse  aerumnosissumum 

qui  annos  viginti  errans  a  patria  afuit; 

verum   hie  adulescens  multo  Ulixem  anteit   <  fide  > 

qui  ilico  errat  intra  muros  civicos*. 

In  Ba.  925-978  there  is  a  long  parody,  in  general  of  many 
Greek  and  Latin  plays  portraying  the  fall  of  Troy  and  its  con- 
sequences, in  particular,  I  suspect,  of  Ennius;  the  parody  is 
uttered  by  Chrysalus  servos.  In  this  Ulixes  has  a  place  more 
than  once.  Compare  940  flf . :  Ego  sum  Ulixes,  quoius  consilio 
haec  gerunt ;  946  miles  Menelaust,  ego  Agamemno,  idem  Ulixes 
Lartius;  949  flF.  nam  illi  (=adv.,  '  there,'  i.  e.  at  Troy)  itidem 
Ulixem  audivi,  ut  ego  sum,  fuisse  et  audacem  et  malum :  dolis 
ego  deprensus  sum,  ille  mendicans  paene  inventus  interit,  dum 
ibi  exquirit  fata  Iliorum ;  adsimiliter  mi  hodie  optigit ;  vinctus 
sum,  sed  dolis  me  exemi :  item  se  ille  servavit  dolis ;  962  flF. 
ibi  vix  me  exsolvi :  atque  id  periclum  adsimilo,  Ulixem  ut 
praedicant  cognitum  ab  Helena  esse  proditum  Hecubae;  sed, 
ut  olim  ille  se  blanditiis  exemit  et  persuasit  se  ut  amitteret,  item 
ego  dolis  me  illo  extuli  e  periclo  et  decepi  senem.    Cf.  p.  239. 

*  See  the  discussion  of  this  passage  in  my  paper,  References  to  Paint- 
ing in  Plautus  and  Terence,  Classical  Philology,  XII,  151-152. 

'On  this  conception  of  Ulixes  as  a  feature  of  Greek  tragedy  see 
Conington,  Vergil,*  2.  xxxvi.  Such  a  conception,  of  course,  suited  the 
Romans  as  descendants  of  the  Trojans:  see  Conington,  ibid,  xxiv-xxvii. 

'  The  passage  is  cited  by  Charisius,  to  illustrate  ilico  (the  word  seems 
to  mean  '  forthwith ',  i.  e.  even  before  he  leaves  his  patria).  Ude  in  23 
is  due  to  Leo ;  Lindsay  reads  it,  but  doubtfully.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
see  how  the  word  can  be  fitted  into  the  context.  What  we  need  is  a 
dissyllabic  word  meaning  'wandering'  or  'trouble'.  Professor  Paul 
Nixon,  in  his  text  and  translation  (1916),  omits  Me:  evidently  to  him 
too  it  was  meaningless.  For  the  passage  as  a  whole  compare  St.  i-^, 
quoted  above,  under  Penelope,  page  257. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  259 

In  Ps.  1063-1064  Simo  senex,  entering,  says:  Visso  quid 
rerum  meus  Ulixes  egerit,  iamne  habeat  signum  ex  arce 
Ballionia.  Pseudolus,  of  course,  is  here  Ulixes,  and  the  signum 
(the  Palladium)  is  the  girl  owned  by  Ballio.  Again,  in  1243- 
1244,  Simo  says  of  Pseudolus :  Nimis  illic  mortalis  doctus,  nimis 
vorsutus,  nimis  malus  ;  superavit  dolum  Troianum  atque  Ulixem 

Pseudolus.^ 

In  Men.  899  fit.  Menaechmus  I  Epidamniensis,  for  whom 
things  have  turned  out  badly,  entering,  says :  Edepol  ne  hie 
dies  pervorsus  atque  advorsus  mi  optigit :  quae  me  clam  ratus 
sum  facere,  omnia  ea  fecit  palam  parasitus  qui  me  complevit 
flagiti  et  formidinis,  meus  Ulixes,  suo  qui  regi  tantum  concivit 

mali.*  _    .,.  . 

I  group  here  several  very  general  references,    in  Mi.  1025 

Milphidippa  ancilla  calls  the  soldier  Ilium,  thus :  quo  pacto  hoc 
Ilium  appelli  velis,  id  fero  ad  te  consilium.  So  in  the  fine 
parody  in  Ba.  925  flF.  the  senex  of  the  play  is  referred  to  as 
Ilium  (945.  948,  972),  and  as  Priuinus  (978).  In  Mi.  740  AF. 
Pleusicles  adulescens,  praising  Periplecomenus  senex  for  his 
hospitality,  declares  that  usually  when  a  guest  is  three  days 
together  at  one's  house  east  odiorum  Bias  (743)-  ^^  Tru. 
482  flF.  Stratophanes  miles,  entering,  declares  that  he  will  not,  as 
many  others  have  done,  recount  his  battles :  scio  ego  multos 
memoravisse  milites  mendacium:  et  Homer onida  et  postilla 
mille  memorari  potest,  qui  et  convicti  et  condemnati  falsis  de 
pugnis  sient  (see  also  the  following  lines).* 

Finally,  as  the  climax  of  this  paper,  I  take  up  again  a  passage 
to  which  I  have  already  often  referred,  Ba.  925-978,  the  best 
of  all  parodies  in  Plautus,  spoken  by  Chrysalus  servos.  It  is  im- 
possible to  do  this  passage  justice.    Lack  of  space  forbids  the 

^  I  think  at  once  of  Livius  Andronicus's  line :  Virum  mihi,  Camena, 
insece  vorsutum.     On  this  verse  see  my  remarks  m  A.  J.  P.,  XXXV 

17-19;  XXXIX  109.  _.  u  •    T  u- 

'Brix-Niemeyer»  think  here  of  Ulixes's  "  uble  Dienste  bei  Iphi- 
geniens  Opferung  (Eurip.  Iph.  Aul.  524.  1361),  wodurch  die  Verfemdung 
zwischen  Agamemnon  und  seiner  Gattin  entstand  ". 

» I  am  reminded  here  of  the  Greek  debate  on  the  question,  Is  the 
absolute  truth  to  be  demanded  of  the  poet?  See  W.  R.  Hardie,  Lectures 
on  Oassical  Subjects,  267-268,  283.  Plautus's  words  are  interesting  too, 
when  put  beside  what  is  said-e.  g.  by  Cicero  and  Gellius-of  the  liber- 
ties  accorded  to  rhetoricians :  compare  Gellius,  N.  A.  i.  6.  4-5- 


26o 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  PHILOLOGY, 


quotation  of  the  whole  (it  is  reinforced  by  later  allusions  in  the 
play:  see  979  ff.)  J  to  discuss  in  detail  every  point  raised  by  it 
would  be  at  once  too  lengthy  and  needless.  Some  indication  of 
the  richness  of  this  passage  for  our  purposes  may,  however, 
be  afforded  even  by  a  bare  catalogue  of  the  names  which  appear 
within  it:  Achilles,  938;  Agamemnon,  946;  Alexander 
(  =  Paris),  947;  Atridae,  925;  Epius,  937;  Hecuba,  963; 
Helena,  948,  963;  Ilium,  945,  948,  951,  95^,  97^  (9^7); 
Menelaus,  946 ;  the  Palladium,  954,  958 ;  Pergamum,  926,  933 
(1053,  1054);  Priamus,  926,  933,  973,  976,  97^;  Sinon, 
relichis  .  .  .  in  hiisto  Achilli,  937;  Sinon's  fire-signal,  939; 
Troia,  933  (1053,  1058)  ;  Troilus,  954,  960;  Ulixes,  940,  949- 
952,  962-965 ;  the  1000  ships,  928 ;  the  wooden  horse,  936,  941  ; 
the  tria  fata  of  Troy,  953  ff.,  959  (987)  •  ^^^  breaking  through 
of  the  portae  Phrygiae  limen  superum,  955  (987). 

V.  References  to  Philosophers. 

Socrates,  Solon,  Thales.—ln  Ps.  464-465  Simo  senex,  speak- 
ing to  Callipho  senex,  says  of  Pseudolus  servos :  Conficiet  iam 
te  hie  verbis  ut  tu  censeas  non  Pseudolum,  sed  Socratem  tecum 
loqui.  See  Morris  ad  loc.  The  tone  here  is  not  so  plainly 
sarcastic  as  is  that  of  the  references  to  Thales  (see  below). 
In  As.  598-600  Libanus  servos  says  sarcastically  of  his  younger 
master  Argyrippus :  Audin  hunc  opera  ut  largus  est  nocturna  ? 
nunc  enim  esse  negotiosum  interdius  videlicet  Solonem,  leges 
ut  conscribat  quibus  se  populus  teneat.  Witness  the  following 
dialogue,  from  Ba.  120-124,  between  Pistoclerus  adulescens 
and  Lydus  paedagogus : 

LY.  An  deus  est  ullus  Suavisaviatio? 

PL.  An  non  putasti  esse  umquam  ?    O  Lyde,  es  barbarus  * : 

quern  ego  sapere  nimio  censui  plus  quam  Thalem, 

is  stultior  es  barbaro  poticio  .  .  . 

In  Cap.  274-276  Tyndarus  servos,  commenting  on  the  inter- 
view between  Hegio  and  Philocrates,  exclaims:  Eugepae! 
Thalem  talento  non  emam  Milesium,  nam  ad  sapientiam  huiius 
<hominis>  nimius  nugator  fuit.  In  Ru.  1003  two  slaves, 
Trachalio,  and  Gripus,  talk  thus :  TR.  Stultus  es.    GR.  Salve, 

*  For  the  lusus  verborum  here  cf.  Cu.  150. 


LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE.  261 

Thales.      In    986    Gripus    had    already    derisively    addressed 
Trachalio  with  the  word  Philosophe} 

Charles  Knapp. 

Columbia  University. 

'  For  a  similar  reference  to  Thales  in  Greek  comedy  see  e.  g.  Aristoph- 
anes, Aves  icx)9  avOpioiros  eaXijs  (said  of  Meton).  See  the  editors 
there,  especially  Van  Leeuwen.  The  tone  in  all  the  references  in 
Plautus  to  Socrates,  Solon,  and  Thales,  it  will  be  noted,  is  sarcastic 
We  may  compare  other  passages  in  which  there  is  allusion  to  philosophy, 
though  no  philosopher  is  named.  In  Cap.  284  Tyndarus,  overhearing 
Philocrates's  remark  about  Orcus  (see  above,  page  237),  says:  Salva  res 
est:  philosophatur  quoque  iam,  non  mendax  modo  est.  To  Tyndarus, 
philosophia  was  the  quintessence  of  lying.  Cf.  also  Mer.  147-148 
(Acanthio  servos):  Nescio  ego  istaec:  philosophari  ('refine',  'split 
hairs')  numquam  didici  neque  scio;  Ps.  687  (Pseudolus  servos,  who 
had  been  philosophizing  since  675)  Sed  iam  satis  est  philosophatum : 
nimi'  diu  et  longum  loquor;  Ps.  974  (Pseudolus,  commenting  on  his 
master's  remark,  in  foro  vix  decumus  quisque  est  qui  ipsus  sese  noverit) 
Salvos  sum,  iam  philosophatur. 

It  would  be  easy,  especially  in  view  of  passages  in  Cicero's  works 
(e.  g.  De  Fin.  i.  i)  which  show  Roman  opposition  to  philosophy,  and  in 
view  of  the  still  more  significant  fact  that  Cicero  repeatedly  makes 
elaborate  apologies  for  devoting  himself  to  philosophy  (see  Reid, 
Academica,  23,  note),  to  suppose  that  in  the  passages  cited  in  this  note 
Plautus  was  reflecting  Roman  rather  than  Grecian  views  of  philosophy. 
But  let  us  recall  how  in  Anabasis  2.  i.  13,  in  answer  to  Theopompus's 
labored  effort  to  show  why  the  Greeks  should  not  surrender  their  arms 
to  the  King,  Phalinus  iy^Xaae  Kal  clirev,  'AXXa  <pi\oa6<t>(a  fiev  loi/cas,  w  vea- 
vlffKC,  Kal  Xe7ct$  ovk  dxapiffra.  ladi  fievroi  dvoTjTOS  iav,  el  oiei  rriv  vfieTcpav 
dperrjv  vepiyeviadai  Slv  Trjs  /3a<nX^ws  dvvdixeus. 


¥ 


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LITERATURE  IN  PLAUTUS  AND  TERENCE. 


261 


quotation  of  the  whole  (it  is  reinforced  by  later  allusions  in  the 
play:  see  979  ff.)  i  to  discuss  in  detail  every  point  raised  by  it 
would  be  at  once  too  lengthy  and  needless.  Some  indication  of 
the  richness  of  this  passage  for  our  purposes  may,  however, 
be  afforded  even  by  a  bare  catalogue  of  the  names  which  appear 
within  it:  Achilles,  938;  Agamemnon,  946;  Alexander 
(  =  Paris),  947;  Atridae,  925;  Epius,  937;  Hecuba,  963; 
Helena,  948,  963;  Ilium,  945,  948,  951,  95^,  97^  (987); 
Menelaus,  946 ;  the  Palladium,  954,  958 ;  Pergamum,  926,  933 
(1053,  1054);  Priamus,  926,  933,  973,  97^,  97S;  Sinon, 
relichis  .  .  .  in  biisto  Achilli,  92>7 '■>  Sinon's  fire-signal,  939; 
Troia,  933  (1053,  1058)  ;  Troilus,  954,  960;  Ulixes,  940,  949- 
952,  962-965 ;  the  1000  ships,  928 ;  the  wooden  horse,  936,  941 ; 
the  tria  fata  of  Troy,  953  ff.,  959  (987)  ;  the  breaking  through 
of  the  portae  Phrygiae  limen  superum,  955  (987). 

V.  References  to  Philosophers. 

Socrates,  Solon,  Thales. — In  Ps.  464-465  Simo  senex,  speak- 
ing to  Callipho  senex,  says  of  Pseudolus  servos :  Conficiet  iam 
te  hie  verbis  ut  tu  censeas  non  Pseudolum,  sed  Socratem  tecum 
loqui.  See  Morris  ad  loc.  The  tone  here  is  not  so  plainly 
sarcastic  as  is  that  of  the  references  to  Thales  (see  below). 
In  As.  598-6()0  Libanus  servos  says  sarcastically  of  his  younger 
master  Argyrippus :  Audin  hunc  opera  ut  largus  est  nocturna  ? 
nunc  enim  esse  negotiosum  interdius  videlicet  Solonem,  leges 
ut  conscribat  quibus  se  populus  teneat.  Witness  the  following 
dialogue,  from  Ba.  120-124,  between  Pistoclerus  adulescens 
and  Lydus  paedagogus : 

LY.  An  deus  est  ullus  Suavisaviatio? 

PL.  An  non  putasti  esse  umquam  ?    O  Lyde,  es  barbarus  * : 

quern  ego  sapere  nimio  censui  plus  quam  Thalem, 

is  stultior  es  barbaro  poticio  .  .  . 

In  Cap.  274-276  Tyndarus  servos,  commenting  on  the  inter- 
view between  Hegio  and  Philocrates,  exclaims:  Eugepae! 
Thalem  talento  non  emam  Milesium,  nam  ad  sapientiam  huiius 
<hominis>  nimius  nugator  fuit.  In  Ru.  1003  two  slaves, 
Trachalio,  and  Gripus,  talk  thus :  TR.  Stultus  es.    GR.  Salve, 

*  For  the  lusus  verborum  here  cf.  Cu.  150. 


Thales.      In    986    Gripus    had    already    derisively    addressed 
Trachalio  with  the  word  Philosophe} 

Charles  Knapp. 

Columbia  University. 

*  For  a  similar  reference  to  Thales  in  Greek  comedy  see  e.  g.  Aristoph- 
anes, Aves  1009  &v6pu}iros  QaXijs  (said  of  Meton).  See  the  editors 
there,  especially  Van  Leeuwen.  The  tone  in  all  the  references  in 
Plautus  to  Socrates,  Solon,  and  Thales,  it  will  be  noted,  is  sarcastic 
We  may  compare  other  passages  in  which  there  is  allusion  to  philosophy, 
though  no  philosopher  is  named.  In  Cap.  284  Tyndarus,  overhearing 
Philocrates's  remark  about  Orcus  (see  above,  page  237),  says:  Salva  res 
est:  philosophatur  quoque  iam,  non  mendax  modo  est.  To  Tyndarus, 
philosophia  was  the  quintessence  of  lying.  Cf.  also  Mer.  147-148 
(Acanthio  servos):  Nescio  ego  istaec:  philosophari  ('refine',  *  split 
hairs')  numquam  didici  neque  scio;  Ps.  687  (Pseudolus  servos,  who 
had  been  philosophizing  since  675)  Sed  iam  satis  est  philosophatum : 
nimi'  diu  et  longum  loquor;  Ps.  974  (Pseudolus,  commenting  on  his 
master's  remark,  in  foro  vix  decumus  quisque  est  qui  ipsus  sese  noverit) 
Salvos  sum,  iam  philosophatur. 

It  would  be  easy,  especially  in  view  of  passages  in  Cicero's  works 
(e.  g.  De  Fin.  i.  i)  which  show  Roman  opposition  to  philosophy,  and  in 
view  of  the  still  more  significant  fact  that  Cicero  repeatedly  makes 
elaborate  apologies  for  devoting  himself  to  philosophy  (see  Reid, 
Academica,  23,  note),  to  suppose  that  in  the  passages  cited  in  this  note 
Plautus  was  reflecting  Roman  rather  than  Grecian  views  of  philosophy. 
But  let  us  recall  how  in  Anabasis  2.  i.  13,  in  answer  to  Theopompus's 
labored  effort  to  show  why  the  Greeks  should  not  surrender  their  arms 
to  the  King,  Phalinus  iy^Xaae  Kai  elirev,  'AXXd  <pi\oa6<pv  fxhv  ^oiKas,  w  vea- 
vlffKC,  Kal  Xiyeis  ovk  dxapiffra.  tadi  fieproi  dp6r]T0i  iav,  el  otei  rrfv  Vfieripay 
dp€Tr)v  irepiyeviadai  &v  rijs  /SaatX^ws  Swdfiecos. 


